How to solve some problems in Linux

Introduction

As you know, typical PC computers are assembled from very heterogeneous components - a processor from one manufacturer, a video card from another, a sound card from a third. Themes about printers / scanners / Wi-Fi adapters / TV tuners just swarm everywhere on the forums. The ubiquitous Chinese manufacturers, who are not particularly striving for standardization, do not add optimism. The operating system has a difficult task to make all these devices work in concert.
I bring to your attention a short guide to troubleshooting typical Linux problems.

Based on this .

Bootloader recovery

, Linux , . Windows MBR , , .
, LiveCD . LiveCD, %distrname%. , :

grub-install /dev/sda , sda — HDD/SSD// :)

Windows 9x , , . Splash-, , Ubuntu 40 , . , , Shift ( ), , E, , kernel E. quiet splash. , noapic, APIC. Enter B .

SUSE splash=0.

, .

, .

?

, lspci lsusb, , PCI USB .
:

Bus 001 Device 004: ID 03f0:2c17 Hewlett-Packard
Bus 004 Device 002: ID 051d:0002 American Power Conversion Uninterruptible Power Supply
Bus 002 Device 002: ID 067b:2303 Prolific Technology, Inc. PL2303 Serial Port

, -s -v:

sudo lspci -s 03:00.0 -v
sudo lsusb -s 001:004 -v

001:004 — lspci lsusb.
, Hardinfo

, . ? , . , . , Gnome KDE , Ctrl-Alt-F1, . , Xorg VESA : dpkg-reconfigure xserver-xorg /, yast2 SUSE, VESA- . nano /etc/X11/xorg.conf, intel, nvidia Driver vesa. : kdm gdm startxfce4 .. ( ). , Ctrl-Alt-Backspace , : cat /var/log/Xorg.0.log | grep EE .

. ifconfig. , . , ath0 wlan0, - . , madwifi. . , , NDISwrapper. .

sudo ndiswrapper -i /path/to/driver.inf

ndiswrapper: sudo modprobe -v ndiswrapper

:

sudo ifconfig wlan0 up
sudo iwlist wlan0 scan

«Interface Doesn't Support Scanning», , . .

. , , ifconfig'a. NAT . : ping %sitename%. network is unreachable, : ping %ip_of_site% — ;) , DNS . nano /etc/resolv.conf nameserver %IP_of_dns_server%. , , .

: — !