Bosque language is a new programming language from Microsoft

Just a few days ago, Microsoft introduced a new programming language to the public. The language was given the name Bosque. The main mission of language design is ~~better to be rich and healthy than poor and sick~~ so that it is simple and understandable both for the person and for the computer.

So far there is very little information, the language is still very fresh and unstable. There is only paper from Marc Maron and Doc in the initial stage of writing .

Let's try to consider some features of the language.

1) All values in Bosque are immutable, so that each block of code does not contain any side effects. According to the authors of the language, it is useful both for a person and for a computer.

, , , var!. , .

, , , . —

function internString(ref env: Map<String, Int>, str: String): Int {
    if(env.has(str)) {              //use the ref parameter
        return env.get(str);
    }

    env = env.add(str, env.size()); //update the ref parameter
    return env.size();
}

- , - , Map , .

2) for, while .. . . , map, filter ..

3) . .., , - -zipcode, type- . zipcode, , . : String[Zipcode].

, ZipCode. , ZipCode — . , , .

4) , : myfunc(x=1, y=2)

5) , . map, filter .., .

var v: List[Int?] = List@{1, 2, none, 4};

//Chained - List@{1, 4, 16}
v->filter(fn(x) => x != none)->map[Int](fn(x) => x*x)

//Piped none filter - List@{1, 4, 16}
v |> filter(fn(x) => x != none) |> map[Int](fn(x) => x*x)

//Piped with noneable filter - List@{1, 4, 16}
v |??> map[Int](fn(x) => x*x)

//Piped with none to result - List@{1, 4, none, 16}
v |?> map[Int](fn(x) => x*x)

6) , , rec

7) Bosque . . , , ; .. - , ,

8) entity concept.

concept Bar {
    field f: Int;
}

entity Baz provides Bar {
    field g: Int;
    field h: Bool = true;
}

var y = Baz@{f=1, g=2, h=false}; //Create a Baz entity with the given field values
var x = Baz@{f=1, g=2};          //Create a Baz entity with default value for h

- Boscque

//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Copyright (C) Microsoft. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE.txt file in the project root for full license information.
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

//
//This is a bosque test/benchmark for a tic-tac-toe program.
//

namespace NSMain;

entity Board {
    const playerX: String[PlayerMark] = 'x'#PlayerMark;
    const playerO: String[PlayerMark] = 'o'#PlayerMark;

    const allCellPositions: List[[Int, Int]] = List[[Int, Int]]@{
        @[ 0, 0 ], @[ 1, 0 ], @[ 2, 0 ],
        @[ 0, 1 ], @[ 1, 1 ], @[ 2, 1 ],
        @[ 0, 2 ], @[ 1, 2 ], @[ 2, 2 ]
    };

    const winPositionOptions: List[List[[Int, Int]]] = List[List[[Int, Int]]]@{
        List[[Int, Int]]@{ @[ 0, 0 ], @[ 0, 1 ], @[ 0, 2 ] },
        List[[Int, Int]]@{ @[ 0, 1 ], @[ 1, 1 ], @[ 2, 1 ] },
        List[[Int, Int]]@{ @[ 0, 2 ], @[ 1, 2 ], @[ 2, 2 ] },

        List[[Int, Int]]@{ @[ 0, 0 ], @[ 1, 0 ], @[ 2, 0 ] },
        List[[Int, Int]]@{ @[ 1, 0 ], @[ 1, 1 ], @[ 1, 2 ] },
        List[[Int, Int]]@{ @[ 2, 0 ], @[ 2, 1 ], @[ 2, 2 ] },

        List[[Int, Int]]@{ @[ 0, 0 ], @[ 1, 1 ], @[ 2, 2 ] },
        List[[Int, Int]]@{ @[ 0, 2 ], @[ 1, 1 ], @[ 2, 0 ] }
    };

    //Board is a list of marks, indexed by x,y coords from upper left 0 based
    field cells: List[String[PlayerMark]?];

    factory static createInitialBoard(): { cells: List[String[PlayerMark]?] } {
        return @{ cells=List[String[PlayerMark]?]::createOfSize(9, none) };
    }

    method getOpenCells(): List[[Int, Int]] {
        return Board::allCellPositions->filter(fn(pos: [Int, Int]): Bool => {
            return !this->isCellOccupied(pos[0], pos[1]);
        });
    }

    method getCellContents(x: Int, y: Int): String[PlayerMark]? 
        requires 0 <= x && x < 3 && 0 <= y && y < 3;
    {
        return this.cells->at(x + y * 3);
    }

    method isCellOccupied(x: Int, y: Int): Bool {
        return this->getCellContents(x, y) != none;
    }

    method isCellOccupiedWith(x: Int, y: Int, mark: String[PlayerMark]): Bool 
        requires mark == Board::playerX || mark == Board::playerO; 
    {
        return this->getCellContents(x, y) == mark;
    }

    method markCellWith(x: Int, y: Int, mark: String[PlayerMark]): Board 
        requires mark == Board::playerX || mark == Board::playerO;
        requires 0 <= x && x < 3 && 0 <= y && y < 3;
        requires !this->isCellOccupied(x, y);
    {
        return this<~(cells=this.cells->set(x + y * 3, mark));
    }

    hidden method checkSingleWinOption(opt: List[[Int, Int]], mark: String[PlayerMark]): Bool {
        return opt->all(fn(entry: [Int, Int]): Bool => this->isCellOccupiedWith(entry[0], entry[1], mark));
    }

    hidden method checkSingleWinner(mark: String[PlayerMark]): Bool {
        return Board::winPositionOptions->any(fn(opt: List[[Int, Int]]): Bool => this->checkSingleWinOption(opt, mark));
    }

    method checkForWinner(): String[PlayerMark]? {
        if(this->checkSingleWinner(Board::playerX)) {
            return Board::playerX;
        }
        elif(this->checkSingleWinner(Board::playerO)) {
            return Board::playerO;
        }
        else {
            return none;
        }
    }
}

entity Game {
    field winner: String[PlayerMark]? = none;
    field board: Board = Board@createInitialBoard();

    method hasWinner(): Bool {
        return this.winner != none;
    }

    method getWinner(): String[PlayerMark] 
        requires this->hasWinner();
    {
        return this.winner->as[String[PlayerMark]]();
    }

    method makeAutoMove(mark: String[PlayerMark], rnd: Int): Game
        requires !this->hasWinner();
    {
        var! nboard: Board;
        if(!this.board->isCellOccupied(1, 1)) {
            nboard = this.board->markCellWith(1, 1, mark);
        }
        else {
            var opts = this.board->getOpenCells();
            var tup = opts->uniform(rnd);
            nboard = this.board->markCellWith(...tup, mark);
        }

        return this<~( board=nboard, winner=nboard->checkForWinner() );
    }

    method makeExplicitMove(x: Int, y: Int, mark: String[PlayerMark]): Game 
        requires !this.board->isCellOccupied(x, y);
    {
        var nboard = this.board->markCellWith(x, y, mark);
        return this<~( board=nboard, winner=nboard->checkForWinner() );
    }
}

entity PlayerMark provides Parsable {
    field mark: String;

    override static tryParse(str: String): PlayerMark | None {
        return (str == "x" || str == "o") ? PlayerMark@{ mark=str } : none;
    }
}

entrypoint function main(): Game {
    var! game = Game@{};

    game = game->makeAutoMove(Board::playerX, 0);
    game = game->makeAutoMove(Board::playerO, 1);
    game = game->makeAutoMove(Board::playerX, 2);

    game = game->makeExplicitMove(2, 0, Board::playerO);
    game = game->makeExplicitMove(2, 1, Board::playerX);

    return game;
}

, , , Bosque . proof of concept. , , -. , .

Bosque Typescript, , (, Typescript Typescript). .. , , .

" " Bosque, . .

Source: https://habr.com/ru/post/448814/

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Bosque language is a new programming language from Microsoft

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