Not all programming languages ​​are equally useful.

Every programming language is good in its own way. However, not everyone would agree with this statement. After reading the following material, the ranks of the dissenters can be replenished. Moreover, there is an opinion that some “constructions” cannot be considered programming languages ​​at all.

According to Wikipedia, a programming language is a formal sign system designed to record computer programs. A programming language defines a set of lexical, syntactic and semantic rules that determine the appearance of a program and the actions that the performer will perform under its control.
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Some kind of sign systems are easier to master, some more complicated. However, among them are very bizarre. And there are so complex that only the most hardcore developers master them.

brainfuck

The name of this programming language roughly corresponds to the Russian "brain removal". This language really exists. It was coined by Urban Muller in 1993. On the one hand, this is done for fun. On the other hand, a brainfuck was created to then develop a compiler for it less than 200 bytes in size - one of the smallest compilers in the world.

However, brainfuck is also called the most impractical language ever created. The language itself consists of eight commands, and the program is a combination of these commands. Most of these commands are executed sequentially.



If the program appeared characters that are not a command, they were perceived as comments. And the notorious “Hello World!” On brainfuck looks like this:

++++++++++[>+++++++>++++++++++>
+++>+<<<<-]>++.>+.+++++++..+++.
>++.<<+++++++++++++++.>.+++.——.
——--.>+.>.

, brainfuck , .

– ( 1) , ASCII- , (70, 100, 30, 10). 10- 7, 10, 3 1, .



.



...

Befunge

, Befunge, . , – .

Befunge 1993 . , , . . Befunge 97- .

Befunge , , , , , . , , .



«Hello World»:

> v
@,,,,,,,,,,,,"Hello World!"<

:



Befunge . , . Befunge . . , – .

, . , . ( ) :



, 1980-. The Codeless Code. , Apple II, Apple ][.

, «». , , . , , .

- IDE, «» , .

— . «» , .

, , Applesoft BASIC ( MS BASIC) . :

100 PRINT "&F2&B&H3&W2Hello, world!"

#2, , , , «Hello, world!» . , , Apple ][ — , .

, «», , , «Hello World» :

BB 11 01 B9 0D 00 B4 0E 8A 07 43 CD 10 E2 F9 CD 20 48 65 6C 6C 6F 2C 20 57 6F 72 6C 64 21

, Assembler:

CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:CODE
ORG 100h
START:
        mov ah,9
        mov dx,OFFSET Msg
        int 21h
        int 20h
        Msg DB 'Hello World',13,10,'$'
CODE ENDS
END START

, Assembler - , . . , .

Bloomberg , . 50- . , , . , , , .

1. ALGOL

1958 . « » — Algorithmic Language. . — 1958–1968.

. , . , , , -.

BEGIN
FILE F (KIND=REMOTE);
EBCDIC ARRAY E [0:11];
REPLACE E BY "HELLO WORLD!";
WHILE TRUE DO
BEGIN
WRITE (F, *, E);
END;
END.


: .

2. COBOL

1959 . Common Business-Oriented Language. , , «». COBOL — 60-80 . (, ..).

. 2000 COBOL , « 2000 ».

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. HELLO-WORLD.
* simple hello world program
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DISPLAY 'Hello world!'.
STOP RUN.

.

3. PL/I

1964 («» 1969 ). Programming Language One. IBM. — 1970-.

IBM System/360, — . , COBOL, FORTRAN . , . 1970-, . IBM , , PL/I, .

HELLO: PROCEDURE OPTIONS (MAIN);

/* A PROGRAM TO OUTPUT HELLO WORLD */
FLAG = 0;

LOOP: DO WHILE (FLAG = 0);
PUT SKIP DATA('HELLO WORLD!');
END LOOP;

END HELLO;

-.

4. PASCAL

1968 , . — 1980-. ALGOL, Apple.

1983 Turbo Pascal. , , 30 .

program HelloWorld;
begin
WriteLn('Hello, World!');
end.

: .

5. LISP

1958 , — List Processing. 60- . , , AI- .

(PRINT '«HELLO, WORLD!»)

.

6. APL

1962 , «A Programming Language». — , . APL 60-. . . : . ( , ).

, , — , , , .

@ This program is very simple in APL!

'Hello World!'

@ In APL, anything that is printed in quotes is printed to the terminal. (@ in APL signifies a comment)

@ If the "Hello World statement needed to be stored, then you could use the following :
h<-'Hello World'
h

@Typing h causes h's value to be printed to be printed.

.

7. FORTRAN

, Formula Translator. IBM . — 60-70 .

, .

program hello
          print *, "Hello World!"
       end program hello

.

8. LOGO

— «», «» «». 1967 MIT. , , . Arduino.

PRINT [Hello world]

.

9. ADA

, . 80- , . Ada .

with Text_To; use Text_To
procedure hello is
begin
put("Hello World");
end hello

, .