Joseph "Lick" Liclider: "Intergalactic Computer Network" and "Symbiosis of Man and Computer"
“Anyone and any company using a computer interactively should be grateful for Lika”
Bob taylor
')
Liclayder was interested in the question of how consciousness extracts meaning from what he heard.
In the field of psychoacoustics, Liclider appeared in 1951 with the article “Duplex Theory of Pitch Perception” , which was then republished and quoted hundreds of times. This article laid the foundation for speech recognition technology. Elected President of the United States Acoustic Society
Operator console SAGE
In the framework of the SAGE project (on the computerization of ABM facilities), he worked with a group that dealt with the “human factor” (engineering psychology) issue.
The SAGE system included computers that aggregated data from multiple radars and presented them to the operator, who made the decision how to react. Liclider was an expert in ergonomics and was convinced that the human-computer interface has great potential.
A little video about SAGE:
At the beginning of his career, Liklider became interested in computer technology. Norbert Wiener's seminar poured oil on fire, where Liklider became infected with “cybernetics”.
In 1957, Lieblider became vice president of Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN), a research center for military orders, where he acquired the first PDP-1 computer and for the first time demonstrated the principle of time-sharing.
In 1959, on the basis of the experience gained in working with the PDP-1, Liklider wrote the book Libraries of the Future, and in 1960 he received an even more widely accepted article “Man-Computer Symbiosis”. This essentially philosophical article contains speculative answers to some of the questions posed at the time in the first seminars organized by Norbert Wiener. The article became a kind of ideological basis for the creation of the first time-sharing systems, and subsequently for computer networks.
Published articles attracted the attention of the then Director of ARPA Jack Ruins (in the photo), he set himself the task of not just improving the existing military computing systems, but of making a fundamental breakthrough in this area. By that time, it was obvious that the methods of human-computer interaction (packet mode, perfovod) were hopelessly outdated.
Liklider was one of the few who spoke about this, and the choice fell on him. He recalled his decision to accept the offer as follows:
“I realized that Jack aimed not only at using interactive computing for defense management, but much more widely, so in October 1963 I moved to the Pentagon and became the director of IPTO.”
PDF
Unlike many supporters of AI, Liklider never believed that there would be a war against cars. He wrote in the article: “People will set goals, formulate hypotheses, define criteria and carry out assessment. Computers will do routine work to clear the way for technical and scientific discoveries. ”
“People are noisy, narrow-band devices, but in their nervous system there are a great many parallel and simultaneously active channels. Relative to humans, computers are very fast and accurate, but they are limited by the ability to perform only one or a few simple operations at a time. People easily adapt, having the ability to “program themselves according to circumstances,” based on the incoming information. Computers are straightforward, limited to those that have been programmed in advance. ”
“I hope that a few years are left before the human brain and computers will be closely connected, and the resulting partnership will think like the human brain can never, and process the data in ways that are unavailable to the machines we know.”
“In a few years, a person will be able to communicate through the machine more effectively than live. This is amazing, in general, but this is our logical result ... We believe that we are entering a technological era in which we will interact with the abundance of information not only in a passive way, as we used to use books and libraries, but also as active participants in continuous process, bringing something to the process, interacting with the process itself, rather than simply getting it. ”
When Liclider was the director of the IPTO, he started the MAC Project (Project MAC). It is decoded in different ways: “Man and Computer” (Man and Computer), “Computer as a tool of knowledge” (Machine-Aided Cognition) or, finally, “Computer with Distributed Access” (Multi-Access). MIT had a healthy mainframe that was designed so that up to 30 users, each sitting at its own terminal, could work at the same time. Liklider also opened similar projects at Stanford, University of California, Berkeley, University of California, Los Angeles.
As part of the MAC project, Minsky and McCarthy worked on artificial intelligence. Here they wrote the first lines of the Multics operating system code.
The MAC project has become the world's first online community in which there were prototypes of chat, email, forums, and free software exchange.
Liclider made a half-joking newsletter addressed to "Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network".
He described a picture of an open electronic intermediary system for the information interaction of governments, institutions, corporations and individuals.
Liklider shares memories of "those times."
Together with the company Edison we continue the spring marathon of publications.
I will try to get to the primary sources of IT-technologies, to understand how they thought and what concepts were in the minds of the pioneers, what they dreamed about, how they saw the world of the future. Why did you think “computer”, “network”, “hypertext”, “intelligence amplifiers”, “collective problem solving system”, what meaning did they put into these concepts, what tools they wanted to achieve a result.
I hope that these materials will serve as an inspiration for those who are wondering how to go “from Zero to Unit” (to create something that had never happened before). I would like IT and “programming” to stop being just “coding for the sake of dough”, and recall that they were conceived as a lever to change themethods of warfare, education, a way of working together, thinking and communication, as an attempt to solve world problems and answer facing humanity. Something like this.
0 March. Seymour papert
March 1. Xerox alto
March 2, "Call Jake." NIC and RFC history
March 3, Grace "Grandma COBOL" Hopper
March 4 Margaret Hamilton: "Guys, I'll send you to the moon"
March 5, Hedy Lamarr. And in the movie naked to play and torpedo the bullet into the enemy
March 7 Gorgeous Six: girls who had a thermonuclear explosion calculated
March 8, "Video Games, I'm your father!"
March 9th Happy Birthday to Jeff Raskin
Bob taylor
')
- He received a bachelor in three directions at once: physics, mathematics, psychology.
- He wrote the article, so he was noticed by the fighters-scientists and invited to lead the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) , the division of DARPA on behavioral sciences and “command and control”.
- He initiated the development of three major IT areas: the first computer science divisions at leading universities, time-sharing systems ( time sharing ), and networking ( computer / computing network ).
- Found, supported and inspired Marvin Minsky , John McCarthy , Douglas Engelbart , Ivan Sutherland , Robert Taylor .
- Described the concepts of digital libraries, e-commerce (e-commerce), online banking, cloud computing.
“What will the general communication picture of the world present to us if we look into the future, say in 2000? Will it be a single universal network covering the entire globe, or a rigid structure consisting of separate networks, or, finally, a collection of separate independent networks? But another alternative is not excluded: a coherent system consisting of separate functionally connected but independent networks? This perspective is most likely. ”
Lyclider, 1978
Psychoacoustics
Liclayder was interested in the question of how consciousness extracts meaning from what he heard.
In the field of psychoacoustics, Liclider appeared in 1951 with the article “Duplex Theory of Pitch Perception” , which was then republished and quoted hundreds of times. This article laid the foundation for speech recognition technology. Elected President of the United States Acoustic Society
Missile Defense
Operator console SAGE
In the framework of the SAGE project (on the computerization of ABM facilities), he worked with a group that dealt with the “human factor” (engineering psychology) issue.
The SAGE system included computers that aggregated data from multiple radars and presented them to the operator, who made the decision how to react. Liclider was an expert in ergonomics and was convinced that the human-computer interface has great potential.
A little video about SAGE:
Information Technology
At the beginning of his career, Liklider became interested in computer technology. Norbert Wiener's seminar poured oil on fire, where Liklider became infected with “cybernetics”.
In 1957, Lieblider became vice president of Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN), a research center for military orders, where he acquired the first PDP-1 computer and for the first time demonstrated the principle of time-sharing.
In 1959, on the basis of the experience gained in working with the PDP-1, Liklider wrote the book Libraries of the Future, and in 1960 he received an even more widely accepted article “Man-Computer Symbiosis”. This essentially philosophical article contains speculative answers to some of the questions posed at the time in the first seminars organized by Norbert Wiener. The article became a kind of ideological basis for the creation of the first time-sharing systems, and subsequently for computer networks.
Published articles attracted the attention of the then Director of ARPA Jack Ruins (in the photo), he set himself the task of not just improving the existing military computing systems, but of making a fundamental breakthrough in this area. By that time, it was obvious that the methods of human-computer interaction (packet mode, perfovod) were hopelessly outdated.Liklider was one of the few who spoke about this, and the choice fell on him. He recalled his decision to accept the offer as follows:
“I realized that Jack aimed not only at using interactive computing for defense management, but much more widely, so in October 1963 I moved to the Pentagon and became the director of IPTO.”
Man – computer symbiosis
Unlike many supporters of AI, Liklider never believed that there would be a war against cars. He wrote in the article: “People will set goals, formulate hypotheses, define criteria and carry out assessment. Computers will do routine work to clear the way for technical and scientific discoveries. ”
“People are noisy, narrow-band devices, but in their nervous system there are a great many parallel and simultaneously active channels. Relative to humans, computers are very fast and accurate, but they are limited by the ability to perform only one or a few simple operations at a time. People easily adapt, having the ability to “program themselves according to circumstances,” based on the incoming information. Computers are straightforward, limited to those that have been programmed in advance. ”
original
"Men are noisy, narrow-band devices, but they have very many parallel and simultaneously active channels. Compatibility for all men and women is limited. Men are flexible, capable of "contingently programming" on the basis of the newly received information. Computing machines are single-minded, constrained by their "pre-programming."
“I hope that a few years are left before the human brain and computers will be closely connected, and the resulting partnership will think like the human brain can never, and process the data in ways that are unavailable to the machines we know.”
original
“It’s not a lot of effort.” handling machines we know today. ”
“In a few years, a person will be able to communicate through the machine more effectively than live. This is amazing, in general, but this is our logical result ... We believe that we are entering a technological era in which we will interact with the abundance of information not only in a passive way, as we used to use books and libraries, but also as active participants in continuous process, bringing something to the process, interacting with the process itself, rather than simply getting it. ”
original
"In a few years, men will be able to communicate more effectively through It is our conclusion that we’ve been declining. It’s not a matter of accusation. ”
Project MAC
When Liclider was the director of the IPTO, he started the MAC Project (Project MAC). It is decoded in different ways: “Man and Computer” (Man and Computer), “Computer as a tool of knowledge” (Machine-Aided Cognition) or, finally, “Computer with Distributed Access” (Multi-Access). MIT had a healthy mainframe that was designed so that up to 30 users, each sitting at its own terminal, could work at the same time. Liklider also opened similar projects at Stanford, University of California, Berkeley, University of California, Los Angeles.
As part of the MAC project, Minsky and McCarthy worked on artificial intelligence. Here they wrote the first lines of the Multics operating system code.
The MAC project has become the world's first online community in which there were prototypes of chat, email, forums, and free software exchange.
Global computer network
Liclider made a half-joking newsletter addressed to "Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network".
He described a picture of an open electronic intermediary system for the information interaction of governments, institutions, corporations and individuals.
Liklider shares memories of "those times."
Together with the company Edison we continue the spring marathon of publications.
I will try to get to the primary sources of IT-technologies, to understand how they thought and what concepts were in the minds of the pioneers, what they dreamed about, how they saw the world of the future. Why did you think “computer”, “network”, “hypertext”, “intelligence amplifiers”, “collective problem solving system”, what meaning did they put into these concepts, what tools they wanted to achieve a result.
I hope that these materials will serve as an inspiration for those who are wondering how to go “from Zero to Unit” (to create something that had never happened before). I would like IT and “programming” to stop being just “coding for the sake of dough”, and recall that they were conceived as a lever to change the
0 March. Seymour papert
March 1. Xerox alto
March 2, "Call Jake." NIC and RFC history
March 3, Grace "Grandma COBOL" Hopper
March 4 Margaret Hamilton: "Guys, I'll send you to the moon"
March 5, Hedy Lamarr. And in the movie naked to play and torpedo the bullet into the enemy
March 7 Gorgeous Six: girls who had a thermonuclear explosion calculated
March 8, "Video Games, I'm your father!"
March 9th Happy Birthday to Jeff Raskin
Source: https://habr.com/ru/post/277903/
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