Selenium for Python. Chapter 2. First Steps
Continuation of the translation of the unofficial Selenium documentation for Python.
The translation was made with the permission of the author Baiju Muthukadan.
The original can be found here .
1. Installation
2. First Steps
3. Navigation
4. Search for Items
5. Expectations
6. Page Objects
7. WebDriver API
8. Appendix: Frequently Asked Questions
If you set a Selenium binding to Python, you can start using it with the Python interpreter.
The code above can be saved to a file (for example, python_org_search.py), and run:
')
The module selenium.webdriver provides all the functionality of WebDriver. At the moment, WebDriver supports implementations of Firefox, Chrome, Ie and Remote. The Keys class provides interaction with keyboard commands such as RETURN, F1, ALT, etc ...
Next, an element of the Firefox WebDriver class is created.
The driver.get method redirects to the page the URL in the parameter. WebDriver will wait until the page has completely loaded (that is, the “onload” event is ignored) before transferring control to your test or script. It is worth noting that if the page uses a lot of AJAX code when loading, then WebDriver may not recognize whether it has completely loaded:
The next line is a statement (assertion) that the header contains the word “Python” [assert allows you to check assumptions about the values ​​of arbitrary data in an arbitrary place in the program. At its core, assert resembles a statement of fact located in the middle of the program code. In cases where a pronounced statement is not true, assert throws an exception. This behavior allows you to control the program in a strictly defined way. The difference between assert and conditions is that a program with assert does not accept a different course of events, considering the further execution of a program or function to be meaningless. lane]:
WebDriver provides a number of ways to get items using the find_element_by_ * methods. For example, an input text input element can be found by its name attribute using the find_element_by_name method. A detailed description of the element search methods can be found in the chapter Searching Items:
After that we send keystrokes (similar to keystroke input). Special commands can be passed using the Keys class imported from selenium.webdriver.common.keys:
After the page is answered, you will get a result, if one is expected. To make sure that we got any result, add a statement:
Finally, the browser window closes. You can also call the quit method instead of close. The quit method closes the browser completely, while close closes one tab. However, in the case when only one tab is open, by default most browsers close completely:
Selenium is most often used for writing test situations. The selenium package itself does not provide any test utilities or development tools. You can write tests using the unittest Python module. Your other choice as test utilities / development tools can be py.test and nose.
In this chapter, unittest will be used as the selected utility. The following is a modified example using this module. This script tests the search functionality on the python.org site:
You can run the test above from the command line with the following command:
First all the essential modules were imported. The unittest module is built into Python and implemented on Java's JUnit. This module provides a utility for organizing tests.
The module selenium.webdriver provides all the functionality of WebDriver. At the moment, WebDriver supports implementations of Firefox, Chrome, Ie and Remote. The Keys class provides interaction with keyboard commands such as RETURN, F1, ALT, etc ...
The test class is inherited from unittest.TestCase. Inheriting the TestCase class is a way of telling the unittest module that it is a test:
The setUp is part of the initialization; this method will be called before each test method that you are going to write inside the test class. Here we create an element of the Firefox WebDriver class.
The following describes our test method. The test method must always begin with the phrase test. The first line of the method creates a local reference to the driver object created by the setUp method.
The driver.get method redirects to the page the URL in the parameter. WebDriver will wait until the page has completely loaded (that is, the “onload” event is ignored) before transferring control to your test or script. It is worth noting that if the page uses a lot of AJAX code when loading, then WebDriver may not recognize whether it has completely loaded:
The next line is the statement that the header contains the word “Python”:
WebDriver provides a number of ways to get items using the find_element_by_ * methods. For example, an input text input element can be found by its name attribute using the find_element_by_name method. A detailed description of the element search methods can be found in the chapter Searching Items:
After that we send keystrokes (similar to keystroke input). Special commands can be passed using the Keys class imported from selenium.webdriver.common.keys:
After the page is answered, you will get a result, if one is expected. To make sure that we got any result, add a statement:
The tearDown method will be called after each test method. This is a method for cleansing actions. The current method implements closing the browser window. You can also call the quit method instead of close. The quit method closes the browser completely, while close closes one tab. However, in the case when only one tab is open, by default most browsers close completely:
The final code is the standard code insertion for running the test suite [Comparing __name__ with "__main__" means that the module (program file) is launched as a separate program ("main" (English) - "main", "main") (and not imported from another module). If you import a module, the module attribute __name__ will be equal to the file name without a directory and extension - Approx. lane]:
To use remote WebDriver (remote web driver) you need to run a Selenium server. To start the server use the command:
The variable desired_capabilities is a dictionary. Instead of using default dictionaries, you can explicitly set values:
Go to the next chapter.
The translation was made with the permission of the author Baiju Muthukadan.
The original can be found here .
Content:
1. Installation
2. First Steps
3. Navigation
4. Search for Items
5. Expectations
6. Page Objects
7. WebDriver API
8. Appendix: Frequently Asked Questions
2. First steps
2.1. Simple use
If you set a Selenium binding to Python, you can start using it with the Python interpreter.
from selenium import webdriver from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys driver = webdriver.Firefox() driver.get("http://www.python.org") assert "Python" in driver.title elem = driver.find_element_by_name("q") elem.send_keys("pycon") elem.send_keys(Keys.RETURN) assert "No results found." not in driver.page_source driver.close() The code above can be saved to a file (for example, python_org_search.py), and run:
The Python you are running must have the selenium module installed.python python_org_search.py
')
2.2. Step by Step Case Study
The module selenium.webdriver provides all the functionality of WebDriver. At the moment, WebDriver supports implementations of Firefox, Chrome, Ie and Remote. The Keys class provides interaction with keyboard commands such as RETURN, F1, ALT, etc ...
from selenium import webdriver from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys Next, an element of the Firefox WebDriver class is created.
driver = webdriver.Firefox() The driver.get method redirects to the page the URL in the parameter. WebDriver will wait until the page has completely loaded (that is, the “onload” event is ignored) before transferring control to your test or script. It is worth noting that if the page uses a lot of AJAX code when loading, then WebDriver may not recognize whether it has completely loaded:
driver.get("http://www.python.org") The next line is a statement (assertion) that the header contains the word “Python” [assert allows you to check assumptions about the values ​​of arbitrary data in an arbitrary place in the program. At its core, assert resembles a statement of fact located in the middle of the program code. In cases where a pronounced statement is not true, assert throws an exception. This behavior allows you to control the program in a strictly defined way. The difference between assert and conditions is that a program with assert does not accept a different course of events, considering the further execution of a program or function to be meaningless. lane]:
assert "Python" in driver.title WebDriver provides a number of ways to get items using the find_element_by_ * methods. For example, an input text input element can be found by its name attribute using the find_element_by_name method. A detailed description of the element search methods can be found in the chapter Searching Items:
elem = driver.find_element_by_name("q") After that we send keystrokes (similar to keystroke input). Special commands can be passed using the Keys class imported from selenium.webdriver.common.keys:
elem.send_keys("pycon") elem.send_keys(Keys.RETURN) After the page is answered, you will get a result, if one is expected. To make sure that we got any result, add a statement:
assert "No results found." not in driver.page_source Finally, the browser window closes. You can also call the quit method instead of close. The quit method closes the browser completely, while close closes one tab. However, in the case when only one tab is open, by default most browsers close completely:
driver.close() 2.3. Using Selenium to write tests
Selenium is most often used for writing test situations. The selenium package itself does not provide any test utilities or development tools. You can write tests using the unittest Python module. Your other choice as test utilities / development tools can be py.test and nose.
In this chapter, unittest will be used as the selected utility. The following is a modified example using this module. This script tests the search functionality on the python.org site:
import unittest from selenium import webdriver from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys class PythonOrgSearch(unittest.TestCase): def setUp(self): self.driver = webdriver.Firefox() def test_search_in_python_org(self): driver = self.driver driver.get("http://www.python.org") self.assertIn("Python", driver.title) elem = driver.find_element_by_name("q") elem.send_keys("pycon") assert "No results found." not in driver.page_source elem.send_keys(Keys.RETURN) def tearDown(self): self.driver.close() if __name__ == "__main__": unittest.main() You can run the test above from the command line with the following command:
The result above shows that the test completed successfully.python test_python_org_search.py . -------------------------------------------------- -------------------- Ran 1 test in 15.566s Ok
2.4. Step by Step Case Study
First all the essential modules were imported. The unittest module is built into Python and implemented on Java's JUnit. This module provides a utility for organizing tests.
The module selenium.webdriver provides all the functionality of WebDriver. At the moment, WebDriver supports implementations of Firefox, Chrome, Ie and Remote. The Keys class provides interaction with keyboard commands such as RETURN, F1, ALT, etc ...
import unittest from selenium import webdriver from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys The test class is inherited from unittest.TestCase. Inheriting the TestCase class is a way of telling the unittest module that it is a test:
class PythonOrgSearch(unittest.TestCase): The setUp is part of the initialization; this method will be called before each test method that you are going to write inside the test class. Here we create an element of the Firefox WebDriver class.
def setUp(self): self.driver = webdriver.Firefox() The following describes our test method. The test method must always begin with the phrase test. The first line of the method creates a local reference to the driver object created by the setUp method.
def test_search_in_python_org(self): driver = self.driver The driver.get method redirects to the page the URL in the parameter. WebDriver will wait until the page has completely loaded (that is, the “onload” event is ignored) before transferring control to your test or script. It is worth noting that if the page uses a lot of AJAX code when loading, then WebDriver may not recognize whether it has completely loaded:
driver.get("http://www.python.org") The next line is the statement that the header contains the word “Python”:
self.assertIn("Python", driver.title) WebDriver provides a number of ways to get items using the find_element_by_ * methods. For example, an input text input element can be found by its name attribute using the find_element_by_name method. A detailed description of the element search methods can be found in the chapter Searching Items:
elem = driver.find_element_by_name("q") After that we send keystrokes (similar to keystroke input). Special commands can be passed using the Keys class imported from selenium.webdriver.common.keys:
elem.send_keys("pycon") elem.send_keys(Keys.RETURN) After the page is answered, you will get a result, if one is expected. To make sure that we got any result, add a statement:
assert "No results found." not in driver.page_source The tearDown method will be called after each test method. This is a method for cleansing actions. The current method implements closing the browser window. You can also call the quit method instead of close. The quit method closes the browser completely, while close closes one tab. However, in the case when only one tab is open, by default most browsers close completely:
def tearDown(self): self.driver.close() The final code is the standard code insertion for running the test suite [Comparing __name__ with "__main__" means that the module (program file) is launched as a separate program ("main" (English) - "main", "main") (and not imported from another module). If you import a module, the module attribute __name__ will be equal to the file name without a directory and extension - Approx. lane]:
if __name__ == "__main__": unittest.main() 2.5. Using Selenium with remote WebDriver
To use remote WebDriver (remote web driver) you need to run a Selenium server. To start the server use the command:
While the Selenium server is running, you can see messages like this:java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.xxjar
The line above indicates that you can use the specified URL to connect remote WebDriver. The following are some examples:15: 43: 07.541 INFO - RemoteWebDriver instances should connect to: http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub
from selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities import DesiredCapabilities driver = webdriver.Remote( command_executor='http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub', desired_capabilities=DesiredCapabilities.CHROME) driver = webdriver.Remote( command_executor='http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub', desired_capabilities=DesiredCapabilities.OPERA) driver = webdriver.Remote( command_executor='http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub', desired_capabilities=DesiredCapabilities.HTMLUNITWITHJS) The variable desired_capabilities is a dictionary. Instead of using default dictionaries, you can explicitly set values:
driver = webdriver.Remote( command_executor='http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub', desired_capabilities={'browserName': 'htmlunit', 'version': '2', 'javascriptEnabled': True}) Go to the next chapter.
Source: https://habr.com/ru/post/250921/
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