Quantum money
Recently, in my opinion about quantum computers ( points , teleports ), in my opinion, one small, but extremely important detail, namely a qualitatively new mechanism, is being lost. The world expects incredible speed from quantum computers (to hack RSA ), but this is the same speed, only faster; from quantum dots - high resolution ( to watch anime ), the same pixels / phosphor, only smaller; teleputation - the same thing is OO fiber / OWC only faster (of course, I simplify).
But back in 1969 (before Feyman, Reed , Minin , Benioff, Deutsch , Yekimov ) one eccentric suggested an idea that could form the basis of a future information exchange infrastructure.
In his article "Conjugate coding" , which he wrote in 1969, and published it only in 1983, Stephen Wisner proposed the idea of ​​how to protect money from forgery.
What is most attractive about the idea of ​​quantum authentication is that it is not built on complexity (technical, computing, engineering, mathematical, etc.), but on physical impossibility . On Habré there was a remarkable review “Technique for authenticating money” , where, in addition to optical, electrical, mechanical, and other methods of protection, quantum money was mentioned in passing. (with weak measurements, little is clear yet, so they are not a threat to quantum money)
')
“I did not receive any support from my supervisor — he showed no interest at all in it, I showed it to several other people — they had strange faces and they returned to their studies.”
Stephen Wisner, author of the idea of ​​quantum money
In the picture : Quantum note proposed by Stephen Wisner in 1969. Contains apyramid with an eye , a serial number and 20 traps for photons, whose contents are a mystery. Each trap contains 1 photon with unknown polarization.
At the moment, the idea of ​​quantum money is not feasible, because we have not yet built traps for individual photons. But security experts are already offering protocols and attacks on them.
The article is written for Habr by the site editor about payment systems with monitoring of the exchangers Web-payment.ru
The cloning prohibition theorem is a confirmation of the quantum theory of the impossibility of creating an ideal copy of an arbitrary unknown quantum state. The theorem was formulated by Wutters, Zurek and Diex in 1982 and was of great importance in the field of quantum computing, quantum information theory and related fields.
The database of the bank contains pairs of "serial number - photon polarization". If the bank is checked by a bank, then it knows how polarized each photon is, and can check it with one try. In case of 100% compliance, the bill is genuine. And the bank fills in the “spent photons” again.
The attacker, if he wants to make a duplicate of the banknote, or will fill the photons at random, which then turns out, or he will have to consider the state of the photons. But since for each photon he is “given 1 attempt”, and then the photon is “lost”, the attacker does not have full information about this photon, and if he “falsifies the photon”, he will make a mistake with a certain probability and the bank can then define The number of photon traps achieves the necessary error probability for an intruder. (The probability of successful copying does not exceed (5/6) n , where n is the number of photons on the banknote)
Intuitive anti-counterfeiting algorithm for 100 photons
The algorithm proposed by Wisner turned out to have many flaws, such as interference (which forced us to abandon 100% compliance and agree to 90% compliance), or the excessive power that the issuing bank receives.
But a group of authors from MIT offers its solution .
And this year there was an article about another attack method. An adaptive attack on Wiesner's quantum money based on interaction-free measurement.
The task of creating quantum memory remains unresolved, but scientists and engineers are slowly making prototypes
The qubit in the lab looks like this
or so
Born in 1942, received a degree from Brandeis University .
The son of MIT's director, advisor to several science presidents Jerome Wisner , an ardent supporter of automated space programs (condemned the Apollo , Mercury and Gemini programs)
In his article “Conjugate Coding,” Stephen proposed a multiplexing primitive — a prototype for the forgetful transmission protocol.
Wisner is co-author of Quantum Super Density Coding .
The works of Stephen served as a starting point for many researchers, among them the fathers of quantum cryptography - Charles H. Bennett and Gilles Brassard .
Now Wisner is working with a team in Israel.
Schrödinger's wallet: you do not know if there is money there or not until you open it.
Bill Geisinberg: you can find out one of two things - either face value or the authenticity of the bill.
“Book cipher. The secret history of ciphers and their decryption " , Simon Singh
Wisner article in English Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wiesner
Quantum money article in English Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_money
Quantum money article in Russian Wikipedia ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quant_money
Steven Wisner's profile on LinkedIn www.linkedin.com/pub/steve-wiesner/2a/937/456
The article in Computerra “A new concept of quantum money is proposed”
Wisner 's article "Communication via one- and two-particle operators for Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen states" , 1992
Wisner 's article "Conjugate Coding" , 1983
The article "Breaking and making quantum money: toward a new quantum cryptographic protocol"
But back in 1969 (before Feyman, Reed , Minin , Benioff, Deutsch , Yekimov ) one eccentric suggested an idea that could form the basis of a future information exchange infrastructure.
In his article "Conjugate coding" , which he wrote in 1969, and published it only in 1983, Stephen Wisner proposed the idea of ​​how to protect money from forgery.
What is most attractive about the idea of ​​quantum authentication is that it is not built on complexity (technical, computing, engineering, mathematical, etc.), but on physical impossibility . On Habré there was a remarkable review “Technique for authenticating money” , where, in addition to optical, electrical, mechanical, and other methods of protection, quantum money was mentioned in passing. (with weak measurements, little is clear yet, so they are not a threat to quantum money)
')
“I did not receive any support from my supervisor — he showed no interest at all in it, I showed it to several other people — they had strange faces and they returned to their studies.”
Stephen Wisner, author of the idea of ​​quantum money
In the picture : Quantum note proposed by Stephen Wisner in 1969. Contains a
At the moment, the idea of ​​quantum money is not feasible, because we have not yet built traps for individual photons. But security experts are already offering protocols and attacks on them.
The article is written for Habr by the site editor about payment systems with monitoring of the exchangers Web-payment.ru
Cloning prohibition theorem
The cloning prohibition theorem is a confirmation of the quantum theory of the impossibility of creating an ideal copy of an arbitrary unknown quantum state. The theorem was formulated by Wutters, Zurek and Diex in 1982 and was of great importance in the field of quantum computing, quantum information theory and related fields.
Photon polarization
Simon Singh explains the polarization of photons << on matches >>
Quantum Counterfeit Protection
The database of the bank contains pairs of "serial number - photon polarization". If the bank is checked by a bank, then it knows how polarized each photon is, and can check it with one try. In case of 100% compliance, the bill is genuine. And the bank fills in the “spent photons” again.
The attacker, if he wants to make a duplicate of the banknote, or will fill the photons at random, which then turns out, or he will have to consider the state of the photons. But since for each photon he is “given 1 attempt”, and then the photon is “lost”, the attacker does not have full information about this photon, and if he “falsifies the photon”, he will make a mistake with a certain probability and the bank can then define The number of photon traps achieves the necessary error probability for an intruder. (The probability of successful copying does not exceed (5/6) n , where n is the number of photons on the banknote)
Intuitive anti-counterfeiting algorithm for 100 photons
Algorithm Attacks and Modifications
The algorithm proposed by Wisner turned out to have many flaws, such as interference (which forced us to abandon 100% compliance and agree to 90% compliance), or the excessive power that the issuing bank receives.
But a group of authors from MIT offers its solution .
And this year there was an article about another attack method. An adaptive attack on Wiesner's quantum money based on interaction-free measurement.
Qubits
The task of creating quantum memory remains unresolved, but scientists and engineers are slowly making prototypes
The qubit in the lab looks like this
or so
About Steven Wisner
Born in 1942, received a degree from Brandeis University .
The son of MIT's director, advisor to several science presidents Jerome Wisner , an ardent supporter of automated space programs (condemned the Apollo , Mercury and Gemini programs)
In his article “Conjugate Coding,” Stephen proposed a multiplexing primitive — a prototype for the forgetful transmission protocol.
Wisner is co-author of Quantum Super Density Coding .
The works of Stephen served as a starting point for many researchers, among them the fathers of quantum cryptography - Charles H. Bennett and Gilles Brassard .
Now Wisner is working with a team in Israel.
“Looking back, I think if I could have done more.” People condemned me for not putting any extra effort into publishing my idea; and I believe that they are right in some way, but I was a young graduate student, and I didn’t have much confidence in me. In any case, quantum money did not interest anyone. ”
Stephen Wisner
P.S.
P.P.S.
Schrödinger's wallet: you do not know if there is money there or not until you open it.
Bill Geisinberg: you can find out one of two things - either face value or the authenticity of the bill.
“Book cipher. The secret history of ciphers and their decryption " , Simon Singh
Wisner article in English Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wiesner
Quantum money article in English Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_money
Quantum money article in Russian Wikipedia ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quant_money
Steven Wisner's profile on LinkedIn www.linkedin.com/pub/steve-wiesner/2a/937/456
The article in Computerra “A new concept of quantum money is proposed”
Wisner 's article "Communication via one- and two-particle operators for Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen states" , 1992
Wisner 's article "Conjugate Coding" , 1983
The article "Breaking and making quantum money: toward a new quantum cryptographic protocol"
Source: https://habr.com/ru/post/229699/
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