The Voynich Manuscript. Manchurian Candidate

The Voynich Manuscript (MB or VMS) is called the Grail of cryptography. For several hundred years, thousands of man-days have been spent and continue to spend money trying to unravel its meaning and translation. And people tried very different, including the world's outstanding cryptographers. So far, it turns out not very. Two or more hundreds of parchment pages, an unknown alphabet, an unknown language, calligraphic confident handwriting, dozens of drawings of unknown plants and naked women bathing in strange channels, zodiac astrological diagrams - many clues, but so far nothing that would allow to decipher the manuscript. For anyone who has tried a little guesswork about hooks, MV seems to be an ideal puzzle - which has no known solution yet.

Page 16v

')
Saw a few months ago a post on Habré about the Aztec language and botanists who identified several Central American plants, but still get my notes from the drafts. Their goal is to acquaint readers with the world of VMS solvers and my not very in-depth analysis of one of the relatively recent hypotheses - the Manchurian language of the manuscript.


Stroll through high-resolution scans here: Voyage the Voynich Manusript



For the first time I got acquainted with CF from an old article in the paper Computerra, but I wanted to work out a little now, after an interview with Tapy.ru with the author of the latest study, Marcello Montemurro, published on PLoS One . I advise you to read the articles in Wikipedia and Computerra and interviews on the tape.

Graph of statistical connectedness between parts of a manuscript - drawing from Montemurro article

For the history of solving a manuscript, a lot of hypotheses about its language appeared - from European (one or a mixture of them) and Middle Eastern to quite rare and distant ones, such as Old Javanese or Indian, whose carriers did not come into contact with Europe of the 15th century; Not without translation from Old Ukrainian. One of the last “breakthroughs” of the beginning of this year is the deciphering of a dozen words by British linguist Stephen Becks and attempts to link some of the drawings and signatures to Central American endemics and Indian languages. Also, a lot of researchers despaired and decided that the text was a fake or nonsense, an abracadabra, created with the aim of letting in the fog or hitting the customers. But still, those who believe that the CF - the real encrypted text - is much more. There are reasons to believe that this is the case:
1. The presence of a complex structure of the text. Like all real languages, MV obeys Zipf’s law , i.e. the frequency of a word is inversely proportional to its ordinal number in a sequence sorted by frequency.
2. According to the entropic characteristics, the text is close to European languages ​​- Latin, English

I remember that in one of the autobiographical books of Richard Feynman his analysis of the album sheets of supposedly unknown books with Mayan hieroglyphs is described. In that story, Feynman rather quickly managed to split the fake with the help of statistical evaluations and logical reasoning. Then he delights with delight - as it would be great if someone decided to create a really cool fake, taking into account all the laws in such texts. If someone has once succeeded in such a fake, then this is CF.

In 2003-2004, a Polish researcher Zbigniew Banasik proposed the Manchu version. I could not find references to him, except for his letter about Voynich, only when writing this article I found a publication in a Polish newspaper . Google gives a translation, it is an amateur-linguist and a polyglot from a village near Wroclaw ... He proposed translating the alphabet of the manuscript into the Latin alphabet and gave the initial interpretation of the first page. The first page of the 1r manuscript is one of the main goals of attacks on VMS, it is believed that having solved at least a part of it, you can get the keys to the entire manuscript.

A brief reference about the Manchu language.

There is an article of Russian Wikipedia. In short, the Manchus are a people who lived in the northern part of modern China and a bit of far eastern Russia, originally from the Baikal and Altai regions. The more ancient name is chzhurchzheni. In the 17th century, they attacked and captured China, burned Shaolin, founded the Qing dynasty, which ruled until the beginning of the 20th century. During this period, the official documentary circulation of the Celestial Empire was conducted in the Manchurian language, the Chinese archives accumulated a colossal number of documents to which the researchers did not get around. It is believed that a good historian-Sinologist should master Manchu at least in order to read the most important documents of the era in the original. From the 17th century, the Manchu had the original alphabet , but then they switched to Chinese characters. The Chinese strongly developed the language of the conquerors, added many words to it, translated the Manchurian Tao de Jing and the military treatise of Sun Tzu, and in the late 19th century successfully assimilated Manchuria. Now almost all the Manchus speak Chinese, with the exception of a small isolated Sibo people. Already at the end of the 19th century, the Manchu language was considered endangered; now it can be considered almost dead.

Historically in Russia in the XIX century. there was a powerful school of Manchurian scholarship, which, as they say, passed in the 20th century due to wars and revolutions. On the net you can find a scan in pdf of a deeply developed “Complete Manchu-Russian Dictionary” by I.I. Zakharov edition of 1875. But in this case it is more convenient to use the digitized Manchu-English dictionary of J. Norman . Here you can listen to the song ARKI UCUN with Latin script. As I understand it, the name translates as “let's drink” or something similar.

Manchurian officer of the Qing Dynasty, late 1700s, picture from Wikipedia

Method Description

Alphabet and translation

In general, I took a lot of the work that William Porquet did. On his page there is a great post A Manchu Skeleton Key to the Voynich Manuscript . There are no links to it from the main page, but it is googling, and I also found a lot of interesting things in the root web folder where the article is located. In addition, he left links to the article in various voynykovedov forums.

So, taking the Banasik alphabet and its extension, which Porquet suggested, you can translate the text of the manuscript into several variants of the Latin text with a small number of additional letters. Next, moving on the assumption that we received some text in the Manchurian language or in one of its dialects - extinct or mixed with additional words from another language, we can try to get translation variants of each word and phrases from several words. One of the main assumptions is that the words were written by ear or by a person who speaks a language without a deep knowledge of grammar and spelling - if there was one at the time of creation. This means that one word can be written in several similar variations. This is supported by the especially common endings ain, aiin, aiiin, daiin, etc. in EVA notation ( European Voynich Alphabet ).

First of all, I created a base for text analysis. For several reasons, Oracle 11g was chosen. Oracle is mentioned because examples of queries will be given on its SQL version. You can view the scripts in the Github repository . There is a set of scripts, creating a schema, tables and a number of DML SQL scripts, filling the data tables of the manuscript, Manchu-English dictionary and some others.

So, by a simple sequence of regular expressions from the text records of the manuscript in EVA and in the extended Banasik alphabet, we obtain scripts that import VMS line by line, where the row index looks like

  <page_numberSIDE_LETTER.row_number> 

. For example, the second line of the first page of a manuscript has an index

  <1r.2> 

:

The first 2 lines of VMS in the EVA notation look like this (taken from www.voynich.nu/analysis.html ):



fachys.ykal.ar.ataiin.Shol.Shory.cThres.y, kor.Sholdy
sory.cKhar.or, y.kair.chtaiin.Shar.are.cThar.cThar, dan

The broadcast will look like this:

'<1r.1> ', 'fachys.ykal.ar.ataiin.Shol.Shory.cThres.y,kor.Sholdy'
'<1r.1> ', 'cušil i cum us uhungg tom tosi jolkl i cos tombi'

'<1r.2> ', 'sory.cKhar.or,y.kair.chtaiin.Shar.are.cThar.cThar,dan'
'<1r.2> ', 'losi gus os i cuks šhungg tus url jus jus bug'

The signature at the end of the fifth line of the first paragraph ydaraiShy turns into ibusurti . It seems to me that this is some kind of proper name. In the Manchu dictionary there is no such word, as I found out through a simple search on facebook, it could mean a person from the city of Surat ("sunny city") in southern India - in Russian as a Surtite. True, not in Manchu, but in Hindi or Gujarati ...

Comparison of the similarity function

Words and phrases translated by a table from VMS to Latin should be compared with words from the Norman dictionary. One entry in the dictionary contains one word or phrase from several Manchu words in capital letters and their English translation, which can have several meanings. For example:

CŪŠILE crystal
Sexual intercourse

In CŪŠILE, the first word fachys is translated on the first page 1r , the second is repeatedly flashed in the manuscript, including grammatically correct declinations in Manchurian. In the same word, it is convenient to show additional letters: C sounds like a solid “h”, Š - like “sh”, Ū - approximately like “u”.

SOUNDEX

To begin with, to index and compare the dictionary and the manuscript, I took the SOUNDEX function. This is the oldest phonetic algorithm, created already in 1918 and, in my opinion, was used even before computers in the US census. By creating in the dictionary table and in the table where the dictionary fragments of the manuscript are stored, the columns with the SOUNDEX index, you can look at the translation options.
Unfortunately, SOUNDEX rakes in too much extra. He takes the first 2-3 syllables from a word, translates from into an alphanumeric code, where groups of similar sounds (ie, letters) are translated into one character. For more details see the link in the wiki. But he gives English translation options! This is the first approximation, and it is very important.

METAPHONE

The development of phonetic algorithms led to the creation of a Metaphone and then a Double Metaphone. This is a more advanced word comparison. Instead of an alphanumeric code, a purely alphabetic code converted to one register is calculated from a word or phrase. Usually vowels are removed, paired or similar consonants are folded into one representative. All delimiters and non-letter characters are ignored. Metaphone appeared on the border of the 80s-90s, Double Metaphone - in the mid-90s, Metaphone 3 - in 2009. The latter is a commercial software, sold along with a small base for comparing names and surnames written in English. There are implementations of Double Metaphone for different languages, taking into account the pronunciation of Latin letters and letter combinations in them. There are also for Russian. For Manchu there is no. I found a free implementation of Double Metaphone on PL / SQL, and expanded it a bit by adding the above letters and a couple more. It is available in the repository, there are literally a few lines changed. Yes, he will not catch the peculiarities of the morphology of the language with all kinds of inclinations, suffixes and prefixes, but even what happened is very interesting.

Connection of the table with the word-by-word cutting of the manuscript and the Manchurian dictionary over the field of the METAPHONE code (MPH_CODE) via LEFT JOIN.
The table below shows the translation options for the first line of the first page <1r.1> . Most words have several options, but there are none for words 5 ( uhungg ) and 8 ( jolkl ).

'<1r.1> ', 'fachys.ykal.ar.ataiin.Shol.Shory.cThres.y,kor.Sholdy'
'<1r.1> ', 'cušil i cum us uhungg tom tosi jolkl i cos tombi'

N - the number of words in the string <1r.1>
NWORD - the word in the proposed alphabet
MPH_CODE - the metaphone code of the word NWORD
WORD is a variant of the Manchurian word from the Norman dictionary, whose metaphone code is equal to the code from NWORD
TRANSLATION - translation of the Manchu word

N	NWORD	MPH_CODE	WORD	TRANSLATION
one	cusil	CSL	CUSILE	crystal
2	i	I	I	1. he, she 2. the genitive particle 3. an interjection used
2	i	I	Io	oil, paint, lacquer
2	i	I	II	see ii
2	i	I	IOI	1. one of the five tones; cf. yumk'a
2	i	I	II	1. (onom.) The sound of sobbing 2. an interjection of derision
3	cum	CM	CIME	a salt-water fish resembling the salmon
3	cum	CM	Como	see coman
four	us	US	USE	seed, egg (of an insect)
four	us	US	UCE	door
four	us	US	USA	exclamation used to get someone's attention
five	uhungg
6	tom	Tm	TOOME	see tome
6	tom	Tm	TOMOO	frame used for weaving nets
6	tom	Tm	TIMU	topic, theme
6	tom	Tm	Tome	(postposition) every, each
6	tom	Tm	TAMA	sole (fish)
7	tosi	TS	TEISU	1. assigned place, designated place, responsibility, one's part 2. corresponding, matching, facing, opposite
7	tosi	TS	TESU	original, local
7	tosi	TS	TOOSE	1. weight (for a balance) 2. power, authority, right 3. spindle
7	tosi	TS	TOSE	see toose
7	tosi	TS	TESE	plural of tere: those, they
7	tosi	TS	Tes	(onom.) thong breaking under stress
7	tosi	TS	TOSI	white spot on animal forehead
7	tosi	TS	TSU	vinegar
7	tosi	TS	TUSA	profit, gain, benefit, advantage
7	tosi	TS	TUSY	chieftain of a native tribe
eight	jolkl
9	i	I	II	see ii
9	i	I	IOI	1. one of the five tones; cf. yumk'a
9	i	I	II	1. (onom.) The sound of sobbing 2. an interjection of derision
9	i	I	Io	oil, paint, lacquer
9	i	I	I	1. he, she 2. the genitive particle 3. an interjection used
ten	cos	CS	CECE	silk gauze
ten	cos	CS	CASI	in that direction, thither, there
ten	cos	CS	CESE	register, official record
ten	cos	CS	CISE	vegetable or flower garden
ten	cos	CS	CAISI	see caste
ten	cos	CS	CISU	private, private interest or profit
ten	cos	CS	CISUI	one's own interest, one's own interest, one's own interest, one's own interest
ten	cos	CS	Cos	the sound of ricocheting or rebounding
ten	cos	CS	CUSE	1. bamboo 2. silk 3. a cook
ten	cos	CS	CAISE	1. hairpin 2. a cake made of fried vermicelli
eleven	tombi	Tmb	TUMBI	to hunt
eleven	tombi	Tmb	TOOMBI	to scold, to rail at, to abuse, to curse
eleven	tombi	Tmb	TEMBI	1. to sit 2. to reside, to live 3. to occupy (a post)
eleven	tombi	Tmb	TAMBI	1. to get caught on something, get in and out. 2. get caught in a trap or net.
eleven	tombi	Tmb	TUMBI	to hit, to beat, to pound; cf. dumbi
eleven	tombi	Tmb	Tombi	see toombi

As you can see, some words are similar in appearance, some are far away, because of the almost complete cutting of vowels in the code, all versions of Manchu words are given, which have completely different vowel sounds between the consonants. Short one- and two-letter words - generally "a finger to the sky." But already interesting - much more interesting than searching the dictionary manually with Ctrl-F.

In total, three modifications of the metaphone were used - the original English and two more modified, with additional letters and with changes to the convolution rules.

Forwarding to synonyms in the translation field

A slight correction of the dictionary - the translation of this synonym is added to the translation field containing the sendings “see SOME_OTHER_WORD” through the separator.
Forwards to synonyms are caught by a regular expression.

For example, the above table:
TOSE see toose

Immediately complemented by the translation of the link:
TOSE see toose :: 1. weight (for a balance) 2. power, authority, right 3. spindle

Morphology. Verb declination at times

Go ahead. You can dive into the language deeper. Verbs in Manchu tend to the times of adding the ending. Here is a table of declensions with examples and correspondences to English times. You may notice that for one English Present Continious or Past Continious there are several different Manchu options. Apparently they reflect some subtleties that are incomprehensible to me or they are simply synonyms, but this is not important for the search for matches in Voynich. From the table of the dictionary we make and save a selection of verbs in the form of an infinitive - that is, all words ending in an infinitive ending -MBI and having the substring "to" in the translation field. By removing the ending and saving the result in a separate table, we get the list of Manchu verb roots MANCHU_VERB_STEM.
For example, the verb AKŪMBI (to die) is saved as: AKŪ .

From the above link, take the declination table and make the reference table MANCHU_VERB_SUFFIX:



All possible declensions of the verbs are in fact the Cartesian product of these tables. Moreover, the search in the manuscript is carried out in the same way, according to the Metaphone code, and when declining, the metaphone code of the ending-suffix is ​​added to the verb root code. Because of this, you can ignore different endings for most times.

For example, from the declinations of Simple Past, different endings are added to different verbs in the dictionary, but to search by the chopped manuscript, only H or K will be added to the metaphone code.

Past -ha (-he, -ho, -ka, -ke, -ko), Example: ara ha (I wrote)

This is how the part of the TRANSL_VERBS21 view code looks like; it gives out translation options for one- and two-word combinations at once, taking into account the verb morphology: declension options are issued via an internal subquery with UNION ALL:

 SELECT LPAD ( TRIM ( REGEXP_REPLACE (idx, '<([[:digit:]]+)([rv]).([[:digit:]]*)>', '\1')), 3, '0') lpad1, REGEXP_REPLACE (idx, '<([[:digit:]]+)([rv]).([[:digit:]]*)>', '\2') lpad2, LPAD( trim( regexp_replace(idx, '(\.[:digit:]*)>', '\1') ) , 3, '0') lpad3, nw.ID, nw.id_type, nw.n_type, nw.idx, nw.n, nw.nword, nw.sound_code, nw.mph21_code, v.word, v.translation FROM VMS.gonk2_nword nw LEFT JOIN (SELECT VS.STEM || suff.suffix WORD, suff.description || ' : ' || VS.TRANSLATION translation, metaphone21 (VS.STEM || suff.suffix) mph21 FROM VMS.MANCHU_VERB_STEM vs CROSS JOIN VMS.MANCHU_VERB_SUFFIX suff WHERE suff.suffix <> 'mbi' UNION ALL SELECT D.WORD, D.TRANSLATION, D.MPH21_CODE FROM VMS.MANCHU_DICT_JOIN d) v ON NW.MPH21_CODE = v.mph21 WHERE nw.n_type IN (1, 2) 

Example. In Manchu grammar, there are many more variations of verb changes using suffixes, but digging deeply - it took too much power, so let's just see how the morphologies of the NIYOHOMBI verb come to light :

 select * from VMS.TRANSL_VERBS21 rt where 1=1 and ( word like '%HOMBI%' or translation like '%niyohomb%' or word like '%NIOH%' ) and n_type = 2 

results

Intersection with words from Swadesh list

Swadesh lists - basic vocabulary, sets of basic words by which linguists evaluate the relationship of two or more languages ​​to each other. For example, here is a comparison table of Slavic languages ​​in the Swadesh list. Also, the tables estimate the rate of change of language over time. Basic words from such lists are replaced or changed much less frequently than others, but from time to time they too. For example, in Russian, the word “eye” is superficial, almost slang, replacing the common Slavic word “eye” in some 13th or 14th century. Originally meant a pebble with a hole inside. The eyes remained in poetry, proverbs and church texts. Swadesh lists for 100, 200 and 215 words. They write that linguists use the shortest 100 word list the most. If interested, here is the biography of Morris Swadesh in Russian.

Just for fun, I wrote down a large English-Manchu list of 207 words in a separate table and crossed with all translations of all sets of 1 and 2 words from the manuscript, sorted by frequency. The result is such a table - these are the very top, 33 most frequent words. Here, too, not everything is clear, because many Manchu words in it are given in 2 or 3 variants in one field and it means in, but for the initial assessment it will come down.

 select T21.NWORD, SWM.ENG_WORD, SWM.WORD, count(*) from VMS.TRANSL_VERBS21 t21 JOIN (select eng_word, upper(word) WORD from VMS.SWADESH_MANCHU ) swm ON swm.word = t21.word group by T21.NWORD, SWM.ENG_WORD, swm.word order by 4 desc 

There are not so many similar words, but there is something: seed, right, sun, you, to give and a few others:

Statistics on the characteristic Manchu letter combinations

The following query shows the frequency distribution of such words and pairs of words with spaces removed, which strictly coincide with words from the dictionary. Of the entire set, words with characteristic Manchu letter combinations such as ng , os , mb, and so on were chosen. Matchmaps were identified from the VMS text by the online analyzer TAPoR from the site of the Canadian University of McMaster. Now there is a whole collection of analyzers and dependency visualizers in texts, but this one, which is in the screenshot, unfortunately is no longer available. There is a version where you need to copy-paste text into the form on the page, but the link to the text cannot be transferred in the parameters anymore.



For comparison - the same visualization of the program of the tiny Manchurian corps I assembled for 14 KB. This is almost all that was possible to dig up - a few short fairy tales, several pages of the translation of the Tao De Jing and several reading materials.



It is noticeable that the visualizer highlights already whole long words, such as niyalma (person) or bithe (book). There are no such words in the manuscript, but there are many rare fragments or whole words that are quite consistent with the grammar of the language, many even with inclinations.

In the article Montemurro the entropy proximity of the words of the manuscript is analyzed and the diagram of several clusters of words interconnected by a large proximity is constructed ( Fig . 2 ). The same drawing of graphs with superimposed "translations" looks like this.



Here I missed a few words and from the very beginning it was necessary to make the blue color of all the inscriptions ...

The following query counts the word frequency statistics with the inclusions of the characteristic parts selected by the online analyzer from the first screenshot. Below are the results.

  select nword, word, translation , count(*) from VMS.TRANSL_VERBS21 t where ( T.NWORD like '%ng%' OR nword like '%mb%' OR nword like '%us%' OR nword like '%os%' OR nword like '%šom%' OR nword like '%um%' OR nword like '%tk%' OR nword like '%urg%' OR nword like '%ur%' ) and upper(trim( replace(nword,' ') )) = word group by nword, word, translation order by 4 desc 

There are 38 words in the table, but 17 are shown with a frequency of more than 1, the rest are under the spoiler.

NWORD	WORD	TRANSLATION	COUNT (*)
cos	Cos	the sound of ricocheting or rebounding	28
ombi	OMBI	(imperfect participle -joro, imperative -so) 1. to become, to change into 2. to be, to exist	18
usun	USUN	fussy, bothersome, overly talkative	eleven
us un	USUN	fussy, bothersome, overly talkative	ten
bumbi	BUMBI	(-he) to give	9
šom bi	ŠOMBI	(-ha) 1. to scrape, to scrape off, to level off 2. to curry (livestock)	eight
tombi	Tombi	see toombi :: to scold, to rail at, to abuse, to curse	eight
oso	OSO	the imperative of ombi	6
tosi	TOSI	white spot on animal forehead	6
šombi	ŠOMBI	(-ha) 1. to scrape, to scrape off, to level off 2. to curry (livestock)	five
os o	OSO	the imperative of ombi	four
bum bi	BUMBI	(-he) to give	3
fusi	FUSI	abominable, loathsome, frightful, monstrous	3
bombi	Bombi	(-ngko, -re) to pierce, to bore, to bore	2
urg un	URGUN	1. joy, felicity, happiness 2. auspicious sign, good portent 3. congratulations	2
uri	URI	1. a round straw container used for storing grain 2. see urui :: 1. just, only 2. steadily, consistently, always	2
dombi	Dombi	to alight (of birds and insects)	2

Finally - a table of exact matches of words from a manuscript and a dictionary, at least 3 letters long, sorted in descending order of length and only then in frequency.
Again, the top is shown, the rest - under the spoiler. Queries are given only because in my opinion the most compact express that in the table.

  select nword, word, translation , count(*) from VMS.TRANSL_VERBS21 t where upper(trim( replace(nword,' ') )) = word and length(word) >= 3 group by nword, word, translation order by length(word) desc, 4 desc 

NWORD	WORD	TRANSLATION	COUNT (*)
urg umbi	URGUMBI	see urhumbi :: to lean to one side, to be lopsided, to be partial, to be prejudiced to one side	one
bombon	BOMBON	a pile, a wad, a cluster, a bunch	one
obumbi	OBUMBI	1. caus. of ombi 2. to make, to make as, to consider as	one
šos ihi	ŠOSIHI	see šosiki :: 1. quick-tempered, irascible 2. chipmunk (Eutamius sibiricus)	one
us umbi	USUMBI	to go downstream	one
fursun	FURSUN	1. shoots, sprouts (especially of a grain) 2. sawdust	one
bumbi	BUMBI	(-he) to give	9
tombi	Tombi	see toombi :: to scold, to rail at, to abuse, to curse	eight
šom bi	ŠOMBI	(-ha) 1. to scrape, to scrape off, to level off 2. to curry (livestock)	eight
šombi	ŠOMBI	(-ha) 1. to scrape, to scrape off, to level off 2. to curry (livestock)	five
tom bi	Tombi	see toombi :: to scold, to rail at, to abuse, to curse	four
bum bi	BUMBI	(-he) to give	3
bombi	Bombi	(-ngko, -re) to pierce, to bore, to bore	2
dombi	Dombi	to alight (of birds and insects)	2
urg un	URGUN	1. joy, felicity, happiness 2. auspicious sign, good portent 3. congratulations	2
b ombi	Bombi	(-ngko, -re) to pierce, to bore, to bore	one
jom bi	Jombi	(1) (-ho, -ro) to cut with a fodder knife	one
ungg u	UNGGU	1. first, original 2. the first player at the gacuha game	one
bom bi	Bombi	(-ngko, -re) to pierce, to bore, to bore	one
jombi	Jombi	(2) (-ngko, -ndoro, -mpi) 1. to bring in the womb	one
dumbi	DUMBI	(for tūmbi) to hit, to strike	one
dom bi	Dombi	to alight (of birds and insects)	one
šum bi	ŠUMBI	(-ngke, -mpi) to be thoroughly acquainted with, to be well-versed in, to know thoroughly	one

Single words

Statistics for some words selected by dictionary. First of all it is interesting to look in herbalist Removed the word "woman" from the list to reduce the output.

  select nword, word, translation , count(*) from VMS.TRANSL_VERBS21 t where ( translation like '%magic%' or translation like '%medicine%' or translation like '%herb%' or translation like '%grass%' or translation like '%medicine%' -- or translation like '%woman%' ) group by nword, word, translation order by word , 4 desc 

, . , — . ( FANGGA) …

NWORD	WORD	TRANSLATION	COUNT(*)
bcti	BEKTO	fritillary (an herbal medicine)	2
b icti	BEKTO	fritillary (an herbal medicine)	one
bi octo	BEKTO	fritillary (an herbal medicine)	one
bi gti	BEKTO	fritillary (an herbal medicine)	one
bocti	BEKTO	fritillary (an herbal medicine)	one
bkt	BEKTO	fritillary (an herbal medicine)	one
bi icto	BEKTO	fritillary (an herbal medicine)	one
bicti	BEKTO	fritillary (an herbal medicine)	one
c kurg	CACARAKŪ	a gray grasshopper	one
droci	DERESU	feather grass, broom grass (Lasiagrostis splendens)	one
fungg	FANGGA	magic, possessed of magic powers	108
f ungg	FANGGA	magic, possessed of magic powers	four
fo ungg	FANGGA	magic, possessed of magic powers	one
fi iungg	FANGGA	magic, possessed of magic powers	one
fungg i	FANGGA	magic, possessed of magic powers	one
fngg	FANGGA	magic, possessed of magic powers	one
fungg?	FANGGA	magic, possessed of magic powers	one
fun icko	FANGGA	magic, possessed of magic powers	one
fumobi	FEMBI	1. to lay out new-mown hay or other grass to dry 2. to talk heedlessly	one
fumbi	FEMBI	1. to lay out new-mown hay or other grass to dry 2. to talk heedlessly	one
fi hi	FEha	Simple Past: 1. to lay out new-mown hay or other grass to dry 2. to talk heedlessly	one
fug	FEka	Simple Past (suff.k): 1. to lay out new-mown hay or other grass to dry 2. to talk heedlessly	2
fi ohki	FEka	Simple Past (suff.k): 1. to lay out new-mown hay or other grass to dry 2. to talk heedlessly	one
fuk	FEka	Simple Past (suff.k): 1. to lay out new-mown hay or other grass to dry 2. to talk heedlessly	one
fum bumbi	FEme bimbi	Present Continuous 1: 1. to lay out new-mown hay or other grass to dry 2. to talk heedlessly	one

, metaphone

-15 . , — .

NWORD	COUNT(*)
škbi	380
tkbi	325
n'ocungg	239
bum	234
n'octbi	230
ocungg	204
n'ocum	202
n'ockbi	181
ohus	181
škfi	179
škom	172
ohungg	166
ocum	163
ohum	161

- — -ng-, -ungg-, -mbi-, -bumbi- .
(TRANSL_VERB21, ) — 18 40. 30 , . , , .
, skbi , tkbi 325 tkbi ombi — 4 . bum bum bi — . , 3- .

Thoughts

, / . . , . , — , , . , .

, , . 170 40 . — , 1-2 . , . , , .

-, . , . , . , , , . , , , …

- Corpus Linguistics Lancaster University FutureLearn. , , , . , Coursera, . , . AntConc — , . Metaphone — .

- : …

Main

Lenta.ru
Marcelo A. Montemurro, Damian H. Zanette, PLoS ONE, 2013

2005
- VMS,
. Voyage the Voynich Manuscript

Willam Porquet's page

A Manchu Sceleton key to VMS
Full trangokulation with initial VMS text

A list of theories

Voynich theories
A visual map of Voynich evidence theories

Rest

Visualizing textual structures in the Voynich manuscript
Hoaxing the Voynich manuscript — part 3
Hoaxing the Voynich manuscript — part 4




Voynich alphabets, scripts — on Omniglot

Manchu theory

—

,

Zbigniew Banasik's Manchu theory


,

reddit

Manchu library

Wikibooks
Wikibooks 2
Wikibooks 3
Wikibooks 4
Google booksManchu: A Textbook for Reading Documents: ( manchu )

Jurchen script on Wiki

c

… . Wikipedia

.


Retouching

.. - 19

manchzhurskie 17-18

voynich.net

2005 —

Pictures

manchu VMS — TAPoR:



VMS , — .

1.



2

3