Airborne information systems of aircraft
At my main job, I develop aircraft information systems for aircraft. The topic is very interesting, but too extensive for one topic. So I will start with the very basics and my first article on Habré will devote a general description of the onboard equipment of air transport.
The tasks of data acquisition systems (SSD) include the measurement of various signals and physical quantities characterizing the state of the aircraft (LA). Typically, such a system consists of one or more sensors connected to the computing units. Each computing unit is a small low-power computer, in which data from sensors are filtered, processed, and converted to standardized code (for example, GOST 18977-79).
')
Information display systems (ITNs) provide flight and navigation information to crew members, data from radio navigation systems, automatic piloting systems, etc. They also provide two-way data exchange between the onboard information systems of the aircraft and crew members.
In modern aircraft, indicators are installed on the basis of colored liquid crystal arrays, specially modified for use in harsh climatic conditions and in direct sunlight. The indicators also include a processor module, a graphics controller and various communication interfaces - in fact, it is a full-fledged computer with its own display, and often a keyboard in the form of a button frame.
The control panel differs from the indicator by an extended keyboard and a rather modest display.
The indicator on the windshield and the helmet-mounted display system are the first augmented reality systems in history. Their functions are similar to liquid crystal indicators, only the principle of display differs - the picture is drawn on almost transparent screens by the projection method.
The main functions of non-autonomous radionavigation systems are aircraft driving along the course, driving to the airfield, and help on landing. Such systems consist of two parts: a radio beacon system on the ground (also aboard other aircraft or spacecraft) and receivers on board an aircraft, which, by the parameters of the signal received from the radio beacon, determines the direction to the radio beacon. Radio beacons broadcast on slightly different frequencies within clearly fixed bands, which makes it possible to tune in to a specific radio beacon.
Autonomous radio navigation systems, unlike non-autonomous ones, do not require external signal sources for their operation. Transmitters and receivers of such systems are located on the same aircraft. Their task is to determine the characteristics of the flight of the aircraft by the radar method.
For communication in the line of sight, microwave radios are used. For long-distance communication (from 300 to 3000 km), an HF radio station is used, and an emergency communication system also operates in the HF range. Communication between the crew of the aircraft is carried out by wire.
The radar transponder of ATC is designed to transmit information about the location of the aircraft to the air traffic control services. It consists of two transceivers working on the upper and lower keel antennas. When receiving a request from terrestrial services, the respondent generates and sends an information word consisting of the current coordinates of the aircraft, flight altitude, speed, and in domestic systems also about the remaining fuel on board the aircraft.
Automatic piloting systems are designed to improve the safety of the flight of the aircraft. These systems reduce the oscillations of the aircraft in all axes, automatically balance the aircraft, coordinate the deviation of the control planes, reduce the influence of turbulence, and also reduce the load on the control levers. Also, the tasks of these systems include automatic flight of the aircraft along the route, automatic landing, and in manual flight mode - laying the optimal route of the aircraft.
Depending on the type of aircraft, there may be specific equipment for it. For example, a civilian passenger LA has a hands-free system and an entertainment multimedia system. The military aircraft can detect weapons control systems, aiming and reconnaissance systems, radar stations, and specific flight and navigation systems.
I hope the topic will be interesting to the habrasoobschestvu. In the future, I plan to write more about each of the systems, especially display systems, as well as describe the main trends in the development of domestic and foreign avionics.
1. "Radio engineering systems" Kazarinov Yu.M., Moscow, 1990
2. “Aviation devices and systems” Klyuev G.I., Ulyanovsk, UlSTU, 2000
3. "Reference book of the pilot and navigator of civil aviation" I. Vasin, Moscow, 1990
UPD: Inserted a beautiful picture (found on the Internet)
UPD2: Added weather radar (thanks to Rayslava )
UPD3,4: Fixed some bugs in the text (thanks to spacediver and Ermak )
Data acquisition systems
- engine measurement system;
- barometric and radar altimeters;
- airspeed meters;
- temperature and pressure sensors;
- inertial navigation system;
- etc.
The tasks of data acquisition systems (SSD) include the measurement of various signals and physical quantities characterizing the state of the aircraft (LA). Typically, such a system consists of one or more sensors connected to the computing units. Each computing unit is a small low-power computer, in which data from sensors are filtered, processed, and converted to standardized code (for example, GOST 18977-79).
')
Information display systems
- integrated flight indicator;
- integrated indicator of navigation information;
- Remote Control;
- indicator on the windshield;
- helmet-mounted indication system;
- etc.
Information display systems (ITNs) provide flight and navigation information to crew members, data from radio navigation systems, automatic piloting systems, etc. They also provide two-way data exchange between the onboard information systems of the aircraft and crew members.
In modern aircraft, indicators are installed on the basis of colored liquid crystal arrays, specially modified for use in harsh climatic conditions and in direct sunlight. The indicators also include a processor module, a graphics controller and various communication interfaces - in fact, it is a full-fledged computer with its own display, and often a keyboard in the form of a button frame.
The control panel differs from the indicator by an extended keyboard and a rather modest display.
The indicator on the windshield and the helmet-mounted display system are the first augmented reality systems in history. Their functions are similar to liquid crystal indicators, only the principle of display differs - the picture is drawn on almost transparent screens by the projection method.
Radionavigation systems
Non-autonomous radio navigation systems
- radio system near navigation;
- landing system;
- satellite navigation system;
- collision avoidance system;
- etc.
The main functions of non-autonomous radionavigation systems are aircraft driving along the course, driving to the airfield, and help on landing. Such systems consist of two parts: a radio beacon system on the ground (also aboard other aircraft or spacecraft) and receivers on board an aircraft, which, by the parameters of the signal received from the radio beacon, determines the direction to the radio beacon. Radio beacons broadcast on slightly different frequencies within clearly fixed bands, which makes it possible to tune in to a specific radio beacon.
Autonomous radionavigation systems
- automatic radio compass;
- radio altimeter;
- Doppler velocity meter and drift angle;
- meteo-navigation radar;
- etc.
Autonomous radio navigation systems, unlike non-autonomous ones, do not require external signal sources for their operation. Transmitters and receivers of such systems are located on the same aircraft. Their task is to determine the characteristics of the flight of the aircraft by the radar method.
Radio communication systems
- distant radio communication system;
- near radio communication system;
- internal communication system between crew members;
- radar transponder air traffic control systems;
- satellite communication system;
- emergency communication system.
For communication in the line of sight, microwave radios are used. For long-distance communication (from 300 to 3000 km), an HF radio station is used, and an emergency communication system also operates in the HF range. Communication between the crew of the aircraft is carried out by wire.
The radar transponder of ATC is designed to transmit information about the location of the aircraft to the air traffic control services. It consists of two transceivers working on the upper and lower keel antennas. When receiving a request from terrestrial services, the respondent generates and sends an information word consisting of the current coordinates of the aircraft, flight altitude, speed, and in domestic systems also about the remaining fuel on board the aircraft.
Automatic piloting systems
- automatic system of increasing stability and controllability;
- flight control computing system;
- computational control system;
- computer navigation system.
Automatic piloting systems are designed to improve the safety of the flight of the aircraft. These systems reduce the oscillations of the aircraft in all axes, automatically balance the aircraft, coordinate the deviation of the control planes, reduce the influence of turbulence, and also reduce the load on the control levers. Also, the tasks of these systems include automatic flight of the aircraft along the route, automatic landing, and in manual flight mode - laying the optimal route of the aircraft.
Depending on the type of aircraft, there may be specific equipment for it. For example, a civilian passenger LA has a hands-free system and an entertainment multimedia system. The military aircraft can detect weapons control systems, aiming and reconnaissance systems, radar stations, and specific flight and navigation systems.
I hope the topic will be interesting to the habrasoobschestvu. In the future, I plan to write more about each of the systems, especially display systems, as well as describe the main trends in the development of domestic and foreign avionics.
Literature
1. "Radio engineering systems" Kazarinov Yu.M., Moscow, 1990
2. “Aviation devices and systems” Klyuev G.I., Ulyanovsk, UlSTU, 2000
3. "Reference book of the pilot and navigator of civil aviation" I. Vasin, Moscow, 1990
UPD: Inserted a beautiful picture (found on the Internet)
UPD2: Added weather radar (thanks to Rayslava )
UPD3,4: Fixed some bugs in the text (thanks to spacediver and Ermak )
Source: https://habr.com/ru/post/180693/
All Articles