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Mechanical keyboard

All of us have been waiting for the mass appearance of all kinds of cyber-gloves and virtual reality at every turn, but all the same, every day in the office and at home we have to work for such a trivial thing as a regular keyboard.

And once you come across a thing regularly, the question gradually arises - is it possible to find some more convenient versions of conventional keyboards for work?

So, some time ago, I attended to collecting information about keyboards, and even began to prepare information for an article, but unfortunately (fortunately?) I found an exhaustive article about all the nuances at once, which I decided to translate.
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Mechanical keyboard. Guide.


Fact: Almost all modern keyboards that you see around you are membrane keyboards. The technology is similar to that used in cheap TV remotes. Manufacturers make the keyboard as cheap as possible to make a big profit. Yes, not excluding expensive "gaming" and "designer" keyboards. But why use what was originally done as a cheap one?

So why do you need a mechanical keyboard?
Most of those who tried to work with the mechanical keyboard claim that the sensations speak for themselves. On the keyboard you are sitting at, you need to press the key to the very end, until it hits the diaphragm, so that the keyboard registers pressing. This requires a certain amount of effort, the fingers are noticeably tired and the impression is left that you have been knocking on a single piece of plastic all day. Mechanical switches in the keys work so that pressing the key is triggered before the button is pressed “all the way”, so you do not spend extra forces on the slotting. And with different types of buttons, you can choose the most comfortable for you efforts and feelings from keystrokes. Many of those who once worked for a mechanical keyboard, never again want to return to the normal membrane.

NB It is also worth noting that mechanical keys are much safer than a membrane, for example, for the Cherry MX keys, the manufacturer claims 50 million keystrokes. This is one or two orders of magnitude greater than that of membrane keyboards.

Terminology


Key Lock (Key Blocking) and Dummy Keystrokes (Ghosting)
Dummy clicks are when you press two keys on the keyboard, and the third, which you didn’t press, still works. On modern keyboards, this has ceased to occur, even at the cheapest, because manufacturers have made corrections and blocked the triggering of such combinations.

Key Blocking (Key Blocking) is blocking the operation of new keys when you have already pressed the maximum number allowed for this keyboard model. So if you pressed two keys at the same time, and pressing the third does not work, then you definitely have a keyboard that processes only 2 keys at the same time (2 Key RollOver = 2KRO).

Number of simultaneous keystrokes (Key Rollover, "#KRO" and "NKRO")
Unlocked NKRO keyboards are when you can simultaneously press as many keys as you want, and all your presses will be sent to the computer. Some manufacturers of "gaming" keyboards incorrectly called such keyboards "anti-ghosting." And even the manufacturers of gaming keyboards Logitech and Razer make only a small block around the WASD keys unblockable. It is worth noting that only PS / 2 keyboards can work in fully non-blocking mode (NKRO); and only the Microsoft and Ducky keyboards are the only two manufacturers that operate the NKRO via USB.
(#KRO, where instead of "#" any digit is the maximum number of simultaneously processed clicks)

Most mechanical keyboards, when connected via USB, are labeled 6KRO, meaning that six keys can be pressed simultaneously. This should be enough for most users, but in some games (especially when playing split-screen) and six keys may be a little.
USB keyboards with 6KRO also allow you to press up to 4 modifier keys with six regular keys. Modifiers are CTRL, ALT, Shift, and Win.

Key Bouncing
All types of keys, including membrane, have a bounce. When you press a key and the contacts start to touch, the keyboard controller starts registering a set of key press / release operations. For a single click, you will not get a full screen filled with one letter in the controllers use small pauses. The controller waits a few milliseconds to eliminate bounce and only then sends clicks to the computer. In mechanical keyboards, the time required to avoid chatter is noticeably less, for example, using the Cherry MX switches is sufficient to delay 5ms, while membrane keyboards require significantly longer pauses (depending on the workmanship - the worse the keyboard, the longer the pauses).

Poll Frequency and Response Time (Response Times)
While for a mouse, the polling frequency is a significant indicator and directly affects the smoothness / accuracy of the cursor, these parameters are useless for the keyboard. Let's imagine that all buttons have a 5ms delayed response (which is close to ideal conditions). Even if you are superman, every click will still be delayed for at least 5ms. So the actual polling frequency of more than 200 hertz is absolutely useless. Even more harmful because You overload the processor with frequent and useless keyboard polls. In contrast to the USB connection, the keyboards included in PS / 2 are not polled at all, they send a signal when a click occurs, which creates a hardware interrupt, and the processor notices a click.

PS / 2 or USB ?
PS / 2 wins in all points: First, it supports unlimited simultaneous clicks (full n-key rollover). Secondly, PS / 2 do not require a continuous poll, but use hardware interrupts. Third, there is no chance that keyboard presses will be delayed due to USB bus congestion with other devices. There are two types of USB data transfer: based on interrupts (the USB controller constantly polls the keyboard when a key is pressed, the USB controller sends an interrupt), and the isochronous transfer mode, when a certain part of bus bandwidth is reserved to ensure no delays. Unfortunately, the second mode requires a special controller, and is not used in any membrane keyboard just because of the price.

So if you have both PS / 2 and USB, there is no reason not to use a PS / 2 connection.

Main buttons


Button, not “just a button”

Many people ask which buttons are better, without thinking about what exactly you want to get in the end. Fortunately, this is not a problem, since most mechanical buttons still give noticeably better sensations than any membrane keyboards. Nevertheless - the final choice is still important, because the button is not just a button, it is the heart of the keyboard, which should suit your personal taste. If you do not like the sensation of pressing a key, you will not like working on the keyboard.

The force of operation of the buttons is usually measured in grams (g), although in fact the force is measured in centiutons (cN), but the weight of 1 gram presses down with a force almost equal to 0.01 newton. So it’s customary to write “55g”, meaning a force of 0.55 Newtons, for simplicity, although this is not entirely correct.

Cherry MX Black
Type: Uniform Press (Linear)
Tactile: no
Click (Clicky): No
Actuation Force: 60g (40g-80g on average)
Depth of pressing (Key Travel): 2mm before actuation, 4mm until it stops

Cherry MX Black buttons - even pressing, without clicking and tactile sensations. It is considered one of the best buttons for games. When you play, the tactile sensation gives you almost nothing. the key is always pressed "all the way". So these keys are very soft. The moment of operation and release is on the same level, so they are great for games that require a lot of frequent clicks. But you will not get pleasure from typing on this keyboard, precisely because of the uniform effort of pressing.


Cherry MX Brown
Type: Tactile depression
Tactile: Yes
Click: No
Triggering power: 45g (55g at peak)
Depth of depression: 2mm to trigger, 4mm to stop

Cherry MX Brown buttons are a balance between gaming and typing keys. They have a tactile sensation in the middle of pressing, so you always feel the moment when the button worked. After that, you can immediately release the key. Keys can also be attributed to the game, because the moment of operation and release are located close enough to each other, so that you can find this point to perform high-speed shooting in games.


Cherry MX blue
Type: Tactile Clicks
Tactile: Yes, neat
Click: Yes
Triggering power: 50g (60g in peak)
Depth of depression: 2mm to trigger, 4mm to stop

Cherry MX Blue buttons are ideal for typing. The tactile sensation is very well felt, and the force of pressing is comparable to the "ordinary" keyboards.

Many people say that these keys are not bad for games either, but their trigger point is noticeably lower than the release point, so it will be harder to shoot quickly.


Cherry MX Clear
Type: Tactile depression
Tactile: Yes
Click: No
Triggering power: 55g (65g in peak)
Depth of depression: 2mm to trigger, 4mm to stop

Cherry MX Clear keys are commonly referred to as “hard brown”, because their tactile sensations are stronger than those of “brown” ones. But this is quite a subjective feeling, however, this is another balanced key. The pressing force is comparable to the force of “ordinary” membrane keyboards, with a pleasant tactile sensation of triggering. Few keyboards use this type of buttons.


Cherry MX red
Type: Uniform Press
Tactile: No
Click: No
Tripping force: 45g
Depth of depression: 2mm to trigger, 4mm to stop

Buttons Cherry MX Red is another version of game buttons. This is a lighter version of the MX Black, with a lower response force. Many people do not like this type for typing or even for games, because pressing is very easy. Some sources state that this type is considered obsolete, although some keyboard manufacturers still use them.


Keys with a bending spring (Buckling Spring):
Type: Mechanical with tactile sensation and click
Tactile: Yes, very accurate
Click: Yes, strong
Tripping force: 65g-70g
Depth of pushing: 2.3mm to trigger, 3.7mm to stop

Keyboards with a snapping spring are rather strange when you look at the principle of operation. After pressing until a certain moment, the spring under the key bends, resting against the wall of the key, and forcing the mechanism in the form of a hammer to press the membrane below. Keys have tactile sensations and click. Perhaps the only keyboard, where the depth of operation exactly coincides with the tactile sensation.



Black alps
Type: Mechanical with tactile sensation
Tactile: Yes
Click: No
Tripping Force: Simplified 60g, Complicated 70g
Depth of depression: 3.5mm

One of two types of the most common buttons from Alps. Many people do not like these keys, because they are tough, they are pressed tightly to the bottom and as the wear of the mechanism of the key increases noticeably as they wear out. However, they are still better than any membrane keyboards.
There are two types of buttons Black Alps. Older ones are known as “Complicated” because of the large amount of detail, and the new ones are “Simplified.” Made by Alps and some other companies. The most famous for the release of "new" buttons is Fukka.


White alps
Type: Mechanical with tactile sensation and click
Tactile: Yes
Click: Yes
Tripping force: 60g-70g
Depth of depression: 3.5mm

The most common Alps buttons are the White Alps. They are more popular than Black, due to a clearer tactile sensation and less pressure. Like the Black Alps, they are harder to press at the end of a click, compared to other mechanical keys.
Like Black, there are versions of “Complicated” and “Simplified”.
Also, there are many buttons such as White Alps of different quality. Some, like SMK Monterey, are quite enjoyable.


Topre
Type: Tactile Capacitive Buttons
Tactile: Yes
Click: No
Tripping force: 30g, 35g, 45g, 55g depending on the model
Depth of depression: 4mm

Keys Topre is not quite mechanical, rather a hybrid, they are capacitive in nature. They use a spring and a rubber in the form of a hemisphere, pressing the spring changes the capacity of the substrate contacts. Capacitance change triggers.
Keys Topre are considered the best keys of all, they are convenient for typing, and noticeably quieter than the Cherry MX, Alps or Buckling Spring.
They have the most uniform pressing, even compared to the Cherry MX Red and MX Black.



Key Covers (Keycap). Plastic and design


Plastic

Mainly used two types of plastic for the covers of the keys: ABS and PBT. Each has its own nuances, but in general PBT is better than ABC:

PBT Plastic (Polybutylene Terephthalate)


ABS plastic (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)


Top face type:

Cylindrical - almost all keyboards today use this type.


Flat - mostly found on laptops.


Sphere - Usually used in various rare techniques and typewriters.


Type of printing on the keys

Printing / Pad Printing

This type can be found on 90% of keyboards. Cheap and easy. The letters are printed as if on stickers, and you can feel them with your finger a little by swiping the key.
Pros:

Minuses:


Laser Etching

Speaks for itself. Letters feel a little scratch. It works best on white buttons, because black is just the color of burnt plastic. On the black buttons, the place has to be filled with some paint.
Pros:

Minuses:


Sublimation / Dye Sublimation

Sublimation gives a better option than the above. the paint penetrates the plastic to a certain depth inside and is not erased even with intensive use, the letters remain as new. Unfortunately, due to the price, very few firms use this technology.
Pros:

Minuses:


Double Die Casting / Duble-shot Injection Molding

The key consists of two parts, the top, with the holes in the form of letters cut out in it, and the bottom, with the corresponding protruding parts.
This method gives the best possible button quality. The edges of the letters are perfectly crisp and give the greatest contrast. Unfortunately, due to the price, only a few manufacturers make such keys (TG3 Electronics).

The easiest way to check that you have double-cast keys is to look at the key from the bottom, it should be clear that it consists of two types of plastics of different colors.


Pros:

Minuses:


Some examples of mechanical keyboards


Unicomp Customizers

Link: Unicomp Store
Price: $ 69 - $ 99
Switch Type: Buckling Springs (60-65G)
Switch Mounting: Steel Plate Backed
Keycap Printing: Dye Sublimated
Interface: PS / 2 or USB
Rollover: NKRO

Das keyboard

Link: Das Keyboard
Price: $ 129- $ 135
Switch Type: Cherry MX Blue (Professional, Ultimate), Cherry MX Brown (Professional Silent, Ultimate Silent)
Switch Mounting: Plate
Keycap Printing: Laser Etched (Professional, Silent), Blank (Ultimate)
Interface: PS / 2 or USB
Rollover: NKRO (PS / 2) | 6 + 4 key (USB)
Extra Features: USB Hub

Deck Legend

Link: http://www.deckkeyboards.com/
Price: $ 149- $ 176
Switch Type: Cherry MX Black
Switch Mounting: Plate
Keycap Printing: Dye Sublimation
Interface: PS / 2 or USB
Rollover: NKRO
Extra Features: Backlit LEDs on each switch with controllable brightness. Controllable Brightness for the Caps / Num / Scroll Lock LEDs as well.

Thermaltake Meka G1

Link: Newegg
Price: $ 130
Switch Type: Cherry MX Black
Switch Mounting: Plate
Keycap Printing: Pad Printed
Interface: USB or PS / 2
Rollover: NKRO (PS / 2) | 6KRO (USB)

Filco majestouch 104

Link: Amazon
Price: $ 140-165
Switch Type: Cherry MX Brown, MX-Black, MX-Blue, or MX-Red
Switch Mounting: Plate
Keycap Printing: Pad
Interface: USB or PS / 2
Rollover: NKRO (PS / 2) | 6KRO (USB)

Leopold FC200R

Link: EliteKeyboards
Price: $ 100
Switch Type: Cherry MX Brown or Cherry MX-Blue
Switch Mounting: Plate
Keycap Printing: Lazered with white infill ABS
Interface: USB or PS / 2
Rollover: NKRO (PS / 2) | 6KRO (USB)
Other: Available with MX-Blues or in "Otaku" form with blank keys & MX-Browns

iOne Scorpius M10

Link: http://www.max-geek-llc-amazonwebstore.com
Price: $ 59
Switch Type: Cherry MX Blues
Switch Mounting: Plate
Keycap Printing: Laser Etched
Interface: USB
Rollover: 2KRO

Steelseries 6Gv2, 7G

Link: http://www.newegg.com
Price: $ 139
Switch Type: Cherry MX Blacks
Switch Mounting: Plate
Keycap Printing: Laser Etched
Interface: PS / 2 and USB
Rollover: NKRO

DSI Big Font

Link: DSI Store
Price: $ 45
Switch Type: Yellow Alps (XM) (Linear)
Switch Mounting: Plate
Keycap Printing: Pad Printed
Interface: PS / 2 and USB
Rollover: 2KRO
Switchbacks: switches can be wobbly.

Topre RealForce 103U

Link: EliteKeyboards
Price: $ 215- $ 245
Switch Type: Topre Capacitive 55g (103U 55G) or Topre Capacitive Variable (103U)
Switch Mounting: PCB
Keycap Printing: Dye Sublimated
Interface: USB
Rollover: 6KRO (PS / 2 doesn’t work)

Happy Hacking Keyboard Professional II

Link: EliteKeyboards
Price: $ 275
Switch Type: Topre Capacitive 55g
Switch Mounting: PCB
Keycap Printing: Dye Sublimated
Interface: USB
Rollover: 3 key

Matias Tactile Pro 3.0

Link: http://www.matias.ca
Price: $ 149
Switch Type: White Alps Strongman
Switch Mounting:
Keycap Printing:
Interface: PS / 2 or USB
Rollover: NKRO (PS / 2) | 6KRO (USB)

Cherry G80-3494LYCUS-0 (White) and G80-3494LYCUS-2 (Black)

Link: Taobao
Price: Email obook@yahoo.cn for inquiry
Switch Type: Cherry MX
Switch Mounting: PCB
Keycap Printing: Laser Etched
Interface: PS / 2 and USB
Rollover: NKRO

Razer BlackWidow Ultimate

Link: Razer Store
Price: $ 140
Switch Type: MX Blue
Switch Mounting: Plate
Keycap Printing: ABS, translucent key painted, then lasered.
Interface: USB
Rollover: 3KRO (USB) (but has a gaming optimized matrix)

Ergonomic Mechanical Keyboards

Kinesis advantage

Link: Kinesis Store
Price: $ 299
Switch Type: MX Blue or MX Brown
Switch Mounting: Plate
Keycap Printing:
Interface: USB
Rollover:

Maltron Dual Hands 3D

Link: Maltron Store
Price: $ 375
Switch Type:
Switch Mounting:
Keycap Printing:
Interface: USB or PS / 2
Rollover:

Maltron Dual Hands 2D Flat

Link: Maltron store
Price: $ 295
Switch Type:
Switch Mounting:
Keycap Printing:
Interface : USB or PS / 2
Rollover :

NB I didn’t copy all the keyboards listed in the original article, it’s all the same if you are thinking of buying, you’ll have to study the range of several stores and choose what suits you best in terms of type and price.

List of keyboard models by button type


Buckling spring

Topre

Cherry MX blue

Cherry MX Brown

Cherry MX red

Cherry mx black

Simplified ALPS Black

Simplified ALPS White

Original ALPS Black

Original ALPS White

SMK "Monterey" Switches

Cherry ml black


Button cover replacement and maintenance


The key covers are easily removed, you can do it yourself:
or buy special grabs:


The fastening connectors of the key covers are universal, so you can always replace part or all of the covers with a different color you like or paint your own ones yourself , making your keyboard truly unique and to your taste. On sale you can find ready-made sets of different colors and with different symbols (Windows / Mac / Linux / Empty / Symbols):

Cherry MX
Alps
Topre


Cleaning


Sometimes you want to clean your keyboard. There are many options for cleaning, and you can choose any, taking from a couple of minutes to several hours, depending on what dirt you have to remove and what to clean. If you just poured a glass of Pepsi on the keyboard - you read what you need.

A good idea would be to have a DataVac type vacuum cleaner on hand, because they have a blowdown mode (or compressor).

Quick cleaning
Keyboards are clogged up with dirt pretty quickly. Indeed, few of us wash our hands before each work at the computer.And there is always dust and hair that gets into the keyboard through the gaps between the keys. So a good idea would be to clean the keyboard slightly at least once a month.

1. Blow out dirt from under the keys with a vacuum cleaner or compressor.
2. Wipe the keys and the keyboard case with a clean cloth moistened with alcohol.
Warning: With some keyboards (such as Filco) you cannot use alcohol, it can damage the inscriptions on the keys.
3. If you are a heavy smoker, the plastic on your keyboards may quickly turn yellow. We recommend scouring the yellowness with products like Windex (glass cleaner with ammonia, analogue - "Mr. Muscle").

Keep the keyboard clean and it will be pleasing to the eye for a long time.

Great cleaning
If you just bought a used keyboard on ebay and it looks like it spent your life in an auto workshop, or spilled your tea on the keyboard, you need a serious cleaning. Do not forget that liquids should be removed as quickly as possible, the longer you wait, the less chance that the keyboard will survive.

1. Remove the key covers from the buttons.
2. Open the keyboard case and remove the board with the buttons.
3. If you do not have a dishwasher, or you decide not to use it, then lower the keyboard case and the key covers in warm water with detergent. Give them a half-hour to soak.
4. Cleaning the board itself with the buttons is different for different types of buttons.

5. Whatever keyboard you have - it must be dried well. Spread out all the components separately and let them dry for at least half a day. If there are printed circuit boards with electronic components, it is desirable to blow a good blow dryer to remove all moisture from under them.
6. When you are completely sure that all parts are completely dry, assemble the keyboard.

Links


Customization of the keyboard
Self-coloring of the keyboard keys

general information
Sandy's Keyboard Page
Deskthority
GeekHack Wiki
Official "Removing Stabilized Filco Keys" Directions

Button Technologies
Qwerter's Clinic Cherry MX Info
on Microsoft Sidewinder x4 - Resistance Method
About About Scissor Switches

Programming
SharpKeys - Basic Keyboard Programming
Autohotkey - the Advanced Keyboard Programming

Interfaces and protocols
Interfacing the AT and PS / 2 Keyboards
PS / 2 Keyboard Interface
PS / 2 Keyboard Protocol
XT scancodes
the AT, PS / 2, and the USB scancodes
the USB in a Nutshell

the Update: Questions of comments:

Layout


As far as I understand, there are 4 basic keyboard layouts:
* US / American - Enter in one line


* UK / British - Enter wide on top in two lines


As well as two layouts with Enter in two lines, wide on the bottom. Thus backslash (\) shortens shift or backspace.

Cyrilization


Drawing the Russian alphabet is done on almost any keyboard using laser engraving, it is inexpensive, to find an office that does not make it difficult.

From translator


Interest is not idle, I have been looking for a good and reliable keyboard for a long time.
Desire was also added by the IBM keyboard, model ~ 1985, which until recently had been at hand, which for more than twenty years had never had to be disassembled, performance, indestructibility and sensations at work were excellent. Upset only a loud click (not an amateur) and the lack of win-keys.
So that some time ago the options were studied and were purchased by the keyboard, which now brings the pleasure of working every day:

Ducky DK9008 Shining and Das Keyboard S Professional Silent


Both on Cherry MX Brown (cost about 6-7 sput pcs.)
You can ask your questions

PS Only I wanted to write that in Russia you will not find such keyboards (with the exception of “gaming”, on Cherry Black keys that do not give such a pleasure from typing), as I stumbled across a network on a keyboardshop.ru store . Prices do not look small, but if you do not happen abroad yourself, then the difference in the actual purchase price abroad and there is likely to be small.

PS Russian Wikipedia still does not contain an article about what types of keyboards are, and how they differ from each other. It seems to me a noticeable omission. (And also in the Russian Wikipedia there is a page only about membrane keyboards, while only thin keyboard-less keyboards are described there).

PS Some stores do not correctly indicate the type of keyboard “mechanical”, for example, when searching the yandex market. The main distinctive feature will be the price - a mechanical keyboard cannot cost less than ~ 100 dollars (in Russia - more), for the keyboard it should be clearly indicated which buttons are used in the keys. For example, many "gaming" keyboards, despite the exorbitant price tag of $ 200-500, are not mechanical.
The text is distributed by CC-BY-NC-SA

Source: https://habr.com/ru/post/140454/


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